scholarly journals Load Balanced Fuzzy Control based Adaptive Gateway Discovery for Ubiquitous Internet Access in MANET

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 6334-6342
Author(s):  
GARGI BHARDWAJ ◽  
UDAI SHANKAR
Keyword(s):  
Network Performance ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Packet Delay ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Hop Count ◽  
Request Message ◽  
Gateway Discovery ◽  
End To End

Integrating MANETs (Mobile Ad-hoc Networks) nodes to the Internet require either a connection to the Internet or they can connect to the Internet through the Internet gateways. For the second case if a node in a MANET has discover the gateway to connect to the fixed hosts in the Internet and it can be done either by broadcasting a gateway discovery request message initiated by nodes itself or by broadcasting periodic gateway advertisement messages from the gateways. End to end packet delay and throughput are strongly dependent on the time needed to discover the gateways.Nodes in a MANET use number of hops as metric to select a path to a gateway, if all the nodes select its nearest gateway to access the Internet then there may be situations when the network performance degrades because some nodes along the path have too many packets waiting in the queue.This paper presents a novel solution to access internet through mobile nodes in ad hoc network. Here the gateway replies with an advertisement message which is broadcasted to the whole network instead of sending a unicast reply to the requesting node. The traffic load taken into account along a path in addition with minimum hop count to select an efficient gateway. The AODV routing protocol has been used for routing in the MANET domain.A new strategy of gateway discovery was investigated and impact of new metric on the gateway selection in NS-2 was observed. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms over the existing scheme with high throughput and lower end to end delay.

scholarly journals Deterministic Directed Flooding Scheme (D2FS) for Inter-Cluster Flooding in Mobile Adhoc Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6S2) ◽  
pp. 1051-1057
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Communication Overhead ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Forwarding Set

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) comprises a collection of numerous mobile nodes that communicates with one other with no dependence on any predefined infrastructure in the network. The characteristics of MANET such as independent, wireless, and self-configuration of MANETs allows the suitability of various application scenarios. Cluster based Flooding is an important issue in the design of MANET where it is an order to manage data traffic as it utilizes a set of chosen nodes to transmit data between two nodes. MANET networks frequently structured with mobile devices for enabling data transmission. An essential process of selecting forwarding set in the inter-cluster flooding. The routing protocol employ in the network often defines the energy efficiency and network performance in ad hoc networks. This paper presents a new deterministic directed flooding scheme (D2FS) for effectively choose the forwarding set for effective inter-cluster flooding. In addition, a Cluster Based Flooding utilizing Fuzzy Logic Scheme (CBF2S) to effectively transmit data is also presented. The devised D2FS model is tested using NS2 tool with respect to the existence of diverse hop counts. An extensive experimentation takes place to prove the superiority of the D2FS with respect to overhead, communication overhead, traffic load, packet delivery ratio and end to end delay.

scholarly journals Simulation based comparison of routing protocols in wireless multihop adhoc networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 3186
Author(s):  
Ali H. Wheeb ◽  
Marwa T. Naser
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
End To End

Routing protocols are responsible for providing reliable communication between the source and destination nodes. The performance of these protocols in the ad hoc network family is influenced by several factors such as mobility model, traffic load, transmission range, and the number of mobile nodes which represents a great issue. Several simulation studies have explored routing protocol with performance parameters, but few relate to various protocols concerning routing and Quality of Service (QoS) metrics. This paper presents a simulation-based comparison of proactive, reactive, and multipath routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Specifically, the performance of AODV, DSDV, and AOMDV protocols are evaluated and analyzed in the presence of varying the number of mobile nodes, pause time, and traffic connection numbers. Moreover, Routing and QoS performance metrics such as normalized routing load, routing packet, packet delivery ratio, packet drop, end-to-end delay, and throughput are measured to conduct a performance comparison between three routing protocols. Simulation results indicate that AODV outperforms the DSDV and AOMDV protocols in most of the metrics. AOMDV is better than DSDV in terms of end-to-end delay. DSDV provides lower throughput performance results. Network topology parameters have a slight impact on AODV Performance.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of AODV andDSR Routing Protocols forGateway Placement Optimization

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 6659-6665
Author(s):  
Jamal Muafaq Hameed Al-Bayati
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Gateway Node ◽  
Placement Optimization ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc

This paper considers mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) in which mobile nodes can reach the Internet via stationary gateway node. The gateway works as bridge between MANET and the Internet. Several studies show that location of the gateway inside network topology has a significant effect on overall network performance. Two different scenarios, with varying number of nodes and two gateway locations, have been considered under the assumption that all mobile nodes are connected to Internet through the same gateway. Simulation has been done using NS-2 software, producing a computer model of AODV and DSR routing protocols. Comparison of these routing protocols is performed in terms of Average (end-to-end) delay, Throughput, Normalized routing load and Packet delivery ratio metrics. Simulation results suggest that AODV routing protocol has better performance in both scenarios. In addition, the results suggest that location of gateway at the center gives better results compared to gateway positioned at the edge.

scholarly journals EFFICIENT MANET- INTERNET INTEGRATION FOR MOBILE DEVICES

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 5343-5351
Author(s):  
Mahesh kumar Tiwari ◽  
UDAI SHANKAR ◽  
AJAY KUMAR
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Node ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Gateway Discovery ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) consists of wireless mobile nodes without having a fixed infrastructure support. The communication between these mobile nodes is carried out without any centralized control. The communication among the nodes within the infrastructure less networks is done through Ad-Hoc routing protocols, But whenever any mobile node want to communicate to a node in a network that is outside the ad hoc network such as internet, there should be an appropriate mechanism for establishing this connection with the internet node or host. Gateway discovery is a fundamental process in connecting MANET with the internet. A mobile node can connect to the internet by discovery of some specialized nodes called as gateway nodes. These Gateway nodes act as a bridge between the mobile ad hoc networks node and the internet. The basic aim of the gateway discovery approach is to modify the route discovery process so that it is not only used for discovery of destination mobile nodes but also the gateways. In this paper we are going to present a review of various gateway discovery approaches which are used for establishing the interconnection of mobile ad hoc networks and internet and going to propose a algorithm that reduce the discovery time of the gateway by selective forwarding and simultaneously also optimize the gateway discovery control overheads.

scholarly journals A Review Of Internet Gateway Discovery Approaches For Mobile Adhoc Networks

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 495-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepak Kumar Patel ◽  
Rakesh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Node ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Gateway Discovery ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) consists of wireless mobile nodes without having a fixed infrastructure. The communication between these mobile nodes is carried out without any centralized control. The communication among the nodes within the infrastructure less networks is done through some routing protocol. But whenever any mobile node want to communicate a node in a network that is outside the ad hoc network such as internet, there should be an appropriate mechanism for establishing this connection. Gateway discovery is a fundamental process in connecting MANET with the internet. A mobile node can connect to the internet by discovery of some specialized nodes called as gateway nodes These Gateway nodes act as a bridge between the mobile ad hoc networks and the internet. The basic aim of the gateway discovery approach is to modify the route discovery process so that it is not only used for discovery of destination mobile nodes but also the gateways. In this paper we are going to present a review of various gateway discovery approaches which are used for establishing the interconnection of mobile ad hoc networks and internet.

An Efficient Cluster-Based Flooding Using Fuzzy Logic Scheme (CBF2S) In Mobile Adhoc Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mahima ◽  
N. Rajendran
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Link Quality ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Node Degree ◽  
Communication Overhead ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Node Mobility ◽  
Centralized Control ◽  
Hop Count

: Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) hold a set of numerous mobile computing devices useful for communication with one another with no centralized control. Due to the inherent features of MANET such as dynamic topology, constrained on bandwidth, energy and computing resources, there is a need to design the routing protocols efficiently. Flooding is a directive for managing traffic since it makes use of only chosen nodes for transmitting data from one node to another. This paper intends to develop a new Cluster-Based Flooding using Fuzzy Logic Scheme (CBF2S). To construct clusters and choose proper cluster heads (CHs), thefuzzy logic approach is applied with the use of three parameters namely link quality, node mobility and node degree. The presented model considerably minimizes the number of retransmissions in the network. The presented model instructs the cluster members (CM) floods the packets inside a cluster called intra-cluster flooding and CHs floods the packets among the clusters called inter-cluster flooding. In addition, the gateway sends a packet to another gateway for minimizing unwanted data retransmissions when it comes under different CH. The presented CBF2S is simulated using NS2 tool under the presence of varying hop count. The CBF2S model exhibits maximum results over the other methods interms of overhead, communication overhead, traffic load, packet delivery ratio and the end to end delay.

scholarly journals Energy Efficient and robust routing with RPAR Protocol in Ad Hoc Networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1.1) ◽  
pp. 477
Author(s):  
Joshua Reginald Pullagura ◽  
D Venkata Rao
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Energy Efficient Routing ◽  
Hop Count ◽  
Routing Mechanism ◽  
Hoc Networks

In ad hoc network, the topology of network changes frequently due to the mobile nature of nodes where the communication is possible without any fixed network infrastructure. Mobile nodes are battery operated and so energy efficient routing should be provided which increases the network life time. The existing routing mechanisms do not consider both hop count and energy of nodes for data transmission. In this paper we propose a routing mechanism where data transfer from source to destination is based on the minimum hop count and residual energy of mobile nodes. The proposed RPAR protocol shows better performance when compared to existing Energy power aware routing  protocol .The analysis is carried out by using network simulator (NS-2), the simulation results shows that the proposed routing mechanism provides energy efficient and reliable  routing in ad hoc networks.

scholarly journals AODV-UI Proof of Concept on MIPS-based Wireless Router

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
B. Anantasatya Adhi ◽  
Ruki Harwahyu ◽  
Abdusy Syarif ◽  
Harris Simaremare ◽  
R. Fitri Sari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Media Access ◽  
Wireless Router ◽  
Hardware Configuration ◽  
Aodv Routing Protocol

AODV routing protocol facilitates changing and simple-to-setup network environment. It helps setting up a network without sufficient infrastructure, such as in disaster area. Development of AODV protocol has gathered a worldwide research interest. However, not many researches implement AODV routing protocol in real mobile nodes and real MANET. In addition, real implementation deals with other works concerning underlying protocol, firmware and hardware configuration, as well as detailed topology both in logical and physical arrangement. This work aims to implements Ad-hoc On-demand Distant Vector – particularly University of Indonesia AODV (AODV-UI) routing protocol on low-end inexpensive generic wireless routers as a proof of concept. AODV-UI is an improved version of AODV routing protocol that implements gateway interconnection and reverse route capability. This routing protocol has been previously successfully tested in NS-2. In this work, current AODV-UI protocol is ported to OpenWRT + MIPS (Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages) little endian architecture then tested on the real networking environment. Underlying media access layer is also altered to provide the protocol greater control over the network. Performance of this implementation is measured in terms of energy consumption, routing overhead, end-to-end delay, protocol reliability and packet delivery ratio.

An Optimal Fuzzy Load Balanced Adaptive Gateway Discovery for Ubiquitous Internet Access in MANET

Fuzzy Systems ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 663-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prakash Srivastava ◽  
Rakesh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Natural Disaster ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Optimal Selection ◽  
Multiple Parameters ◽  
Gateway Discovery ◽  
Selection Of

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an autonomous collection of independent nodes cooperating together to form an infrastructure less network spontaneously. For increasing usability of MANET domain which finds application in natural disaster such as earthquake, floods etc. it is also desired to be connected with Internet through Internet gateways. Therefore, an efficient gateway discovery mechanism is required for MANET-Internet integration. Existing schemes use one or multiple parameters for optimal selection of gateway which causes a particular gateway to be selected many times which results in higher delay latency and packet drops due to prevailing congestion at a particular gateway. To avoid this situation, the authors have utilized the potential of fuzzy logic to ascertain the decision of load balancing at the Internet gateway. Besides this, their scheme also incorporates an effective adaptive gateway discovery mechanism. Consequently, enhanced performance is achieved as compared to existing state-of-the-art related schemes. The proposed approach is evaluated by simulation and analytical validation.

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