The Fume Detecting Dual Tone Modulation Frequency Based Rover Using BLDC Motors

2020 ◽  
Vol 07 (03) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Poorna Mukund Pampani ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Gas Sensor ◽  
Modulation Frequency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dc Motors ◽  
Gate Driver

The purpose of this project is to improve the control and precision of any rover by replacing the conventional DC motors or servo motors with the BLDC motors. The BLDC motors are much accurate to control because of the sensors they are equipped with. The telephonic signal from the receiver generates two frequencies one is a higher frequency and the other is a lower frequency. The higher frequency is used to drive the motors. The signal is then received by the receiver phone which then transmits the DTMF signal to the DTMF decoder. The DTMF decoder then decodes the signal and then transmits to the Gate Driver IC (which is connected to the Arduino for motor control). The Gate Driver IC which has the BLDC motors connected to it drives the motors. Furthermore this rover is being operated by Dual Tone Modulation Frequency (DTMF). In addition the rover is equipped with a Gas Sensor.

Activity, Agency, and Inner Speech Pathology

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Swiney
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
The Other ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Inner Speech ◽  
Speech Pathology ◽  
Active Inference ◽  
Comparator Hypothesis

Over the last thirty years the comparator hypothesis has emerged as a prominent account of inner speech pathology. This chapter discusses a number of cognitive accounts broadly derived from this approach, highlighting the existence of two importantly distinct notions of inner speech in the literature; one as a prediction in the absence of sensory input, the other as an act with sensory consequences that are themselves predicted. Under earlier frameworks in which inner speech is described in the context of classic models of motor control, I argue that these two notions may be compatible, providing two routes to inner speech pathology. Under more recent accounts grounded in the architecture of Bayesian predictive processing, I argue that “active inference” approaches to action generation pose serious challenges to the plausibility of the latter notion of inner speech, while providing the former notion with rich explanatory possibilities for inner speech pathology.

scholarly journals Handedness results from complementary hemispheric dominance, not global hemispheric dominance: evidence from mechanically coupled bilateral movements

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 729-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth J. Woytowicz ◽  
Kelly P. Westlake ◽  
Jill Whitall ◽  
Robert L. Sainburg
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Dynamic Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hemispheric Dominance ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Task Component ◽  
The Right

Two contrasting views of handedness can be described as 1) complementary dominance, in which each hemisphere is specialized for different aspects of motor control, and 2) global dominance, in which the hemisphere contralateral to the dominant arm is specialized for all aspects of motor control. The present study sought to determine which motor lateralization hypothesis best predicts motor performance during common bilateral task of stabilizing an object (e.g., bread) with one hand while applying forces to the object (e.g., slicing) using the other hand. We designed an experimental equivalent of this task, performed in a virtual environment with the unseen arms supported by frictionless air-sleds. The hands were connected by a spring, and the task was to maintain the position of one hand while moving the other hand to a target. Thus the reaching hand was required to take account of the spring load to make smooth and accurate trajectories, while the stabilizer hand was required to impede the spring load to keep a constant position. Right-handed subjects performed two task sessions (right-hand reach and left-hand stabilize; left-hand reach and right-hand stabilize) with the order of the sessions counterbalanced between groups. Our results indicate a hand by task-component interaction such that the right hand showed straighter reaching performance whereas the left hand showed more stable holding performance. These findings provide support for the complementary dominance hypothesis and suggest that the specializations of each cerebral hemisphere for impedance and dynamic control mechanisms are expressed during bilateral interactive tasks. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We provide evidence for interlimb differences in bilateral coordination of reaching and stabilizing functions, demonstrating an advantage for the dominant and nondominant arms for distinct features of control. These results provide the first evidence for complementary specializations of each limb-hemisphere system for different aspects of control within the context of a complementary bilateral task.

A neuropsychological approach to motor control and imagery

2004 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-419
Author(s):  
Barbara Tomasino ◽  
Corrado Corradi-Dell'Acqua ◽  
Alessia Tessari ◽  
Caterina Spiezio ◽  
Raffaella Ida Rumiati
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Motor Imagery ◽  
The Other

In his article Grush proposes a potentially useful framework for explaining motor control, imagery, and perception. In our commentary we will address two issues that the model does not seem to deal with appropriately: one concerns motor control, and the other, the visual and motor imagery domains. We will consider these two aspects in turn.

scholarly journals Making Acoustic Computer Music: The Rumentarium project

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Valle
Keyword(s):  
Computer Music ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sound Sources ◽  
Sound Installation ◽  
Dc Motors ◽  
Design Production ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Anthropological Approach ◽  
Generating System ◽  
Sound Generator

The article describes the design, production and usage of the ‘Rumentarium’, a computer-based sound generating system involving physical objects as sound sources. The Rumentarium is a set of handmade resonators, acoustically excited by DC motors, interfaced to the computer by means of various microcontrollers. Following an ecological/anthropological approach, in the Rumentarium discarded materials are used as sound sources. Every instrument is ‘produced while designed’ in an improvisation-like manner, starting from available materials. In this way, hardware is ‘softened’: that is, it can be continuously modified as in software development. Analogously, the onsite setup is very light, so that components can be added or removed on the fly, even while the Rumentarium is at work. Differently from typical computer music, the Rumentarium, while entirely computationally controlled, is an acoustic sound generator. On one hand, the Rumentarium can be played like an instrument in conjunction with a MIDI controller, for use in live musical performance. On the other side, it can be driven by algorithmic strategies. In this way, the Rumentarium can be configured also as a sound installation, in a standalone mode. Some artistic works are discussed while introducing the various control modalities that have been specifically developed for the Rumentarium.

Touch and the Fluctuation of Agency and Motor Control in Pediatric Dentistry

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Enhua Guo ◽  
Julia Katila ◽  
Jürgen Streeck
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Pediatric Dentistry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dual Roles ◽  
Interpersonal Touch ◽  
Dental Procedures ◽  
Child Patients ◽  
And Control ◽  
Context Shift ◽  
Experience Pain

This study investigates a variety of ways in which dental clinicians and adult guardians touch child patients to get them to participate in dental procedures in China’s mainland. Children at the dentist’s office often experience pain and show fear, and dental care practitioners as well as adult guardians (in our case, parents and grandparents) perform tactile and haptic actions of comfort and control in response. Our analysis shows the dual roles that the children’s bodies play when touching and being touched in the dentist’s office: At times, they are agents or animators in control of their own movements; at other times, they are objects of manipulation by others. Moreover, sometimes their movements are collaboratively controlled by multiple participants, including the patient him/herself. During intercorporeal engagements in Chinese pediatric dentistry, as in many other contexts of interpersonal touch, the center of control and the source of animation of movements and actions are often distributed among multiple bodies. What is more, tactile and haptic actions in this context shift back and forth between direct forms, where the act of one body causes a change in the other, and actions that can be properly called semiotic or communicative in Grice’s (1968) sense, which aim to make the other person recognize the actor’s intent and act on it of his or her own volition.

Two functionally different synergies during arm reaching movements involving the trunk

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 2120-2122 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ma ◽  
A. G. Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reaching Movements ◽  
Positional Error ◽  
Trunk Motion ◽  
Arm Reaching ◽  
Trunk Movements ◽  
The Right

1. To address the problem of the coordination of a redundant number of degrees of freedom in motor control, we analyzed the influence of voluntary trunk movements on the arm endpoint trajectory during reaching. 2. Subjects made fast noncorrected planar movements of the right arm from a near to a far target located in the ipsilateral work space at a 45 degrees angle to the sagittal midline of the trunk. These reaching movements were combined with a forward or a backward sagittal motion of the trunk. 3. The direction, positional error, curvature, and velocity profile of the endpoint trajectory remained invariant regardless of trunk movements. Trunk motion preceded endpoint motion by approximately 175 ms, continued during endpoint movement to the target, and outlasted it by 200 ms. This sequence of trunk and arm movements was observed regardless of the direction of the endpoint trajectory (to or from the far target) or trunk movements (forward or backward). 4. Our data imply that reaching movements result from two control synergies: one coordinates trunk and arm movements leaving the position of the endpoint unchanged, and the other produces interjoint coordination shifting the arm endpoint to the target. The use of functionally different synergies may underlie a solution of the redundancy problem.

scholarly journals Task-dependent switching of feedback controllers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justinas Česonis ◽  
David W. Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Feedback Control ◽  
Motor System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Feedback Controllers ◽  
Human Motor Control ◽  
Mixed Schedule ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Human Participants

AbstractThe separation of distinct motor memories by contextual cues is a well known and well studied phenomenon of feedforward human motor control. However, there is no clear evidence of such context-induced separation in feedback control. Here we test both experimentally and computationally if context-dependent switching of feedback controllers is possible in the human motor system. Specifically, we probe visuomotor feedback responses of our human participants in two different tasks – stop and hit – and under two different schedules. The first, blocked schedule, is used to measure the behaviour of stop and hit controllers in isolation, showing that it can only be described by two independent controllers with two different sets of control gains. The second, mixed schedule, is then used to compare how such behaviour evolves when participants regularly switch from one task to the other. Our results support our hypothesis that there is contextual switching of feedback controllers, further extending the accumulating evidence of shared features between feedforward and feedback control.

scholarly journals Effects of reward history on decision-making and movement vigor

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shruthi Sukumar ◽  
Reza Shadmehr ◽  
Alaa A Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Motor Control ◽  
Control Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Recent Theory ◽  
Consistent Effect ◽  
History Of ◽  
Series Of Experiments

During foraging, animals decide how long to stay and harvest reward, and then abandon that site and travel with a certain speed to the next reward opportunity. One aspect of this behavior involves decision-making, while the other involves motor-control. A recent theory posits that control of decision-making and movements may be linked via a desire to maximize a single normative utility: the sum of all rewards acquired, minus all efforts expended, divided by time. If this is the case, then the history of rewards, and not just its immediate availability, should dictate how long one decides to stay and harvest reward, and how slowly one travels to the next opportunity. We tested this theory in a series of experiments in which humans used their hand to harvest tokens at a reward patch, and then used their arm to reach toward a subsequent opportunity. Following a history of poor rewards, people not only foraged for a longer period, but also moved slower to the next reward site. Thus, reward history had a consistent effect on both the decision-making process regarding when to abandon a reward site, and the motor control process regarding how fast to move to the next opportunity.

1. What is artificial intelligence?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret A. Boden
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Motor Control ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Virtual Machines ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Psychological Skills

Artificial intelligence (AI) seeks to make computers do the sorts of things that minds can do, which involves psychological skills such as perception, association, prediction, planning, and motor control. Intelligence is a richly structured space of diverse information-processing capacities. Accordingly, AI uses many different techniques, addressing many different tasks. ‘What is Artificial Intelligence?’ explains the two main aims of AI: one being technological and the other scientific. It looks at AI’s influence on the life sciences and philosophy. Can any AI system possess real intelligence, creativity, or life? It also considers how AI began, virtual machines, the major types of AI, and cybernetics.

Brushless DC Motors with a Three-Section Winding and Two Inductors

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
Vladimir M. GRIDIN ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Induction ◽  
Power Source ◽  
Air Gap ◽  
The Other ◽  
Electromagnetic Torque ◽  
Bldc Motor ◽  
Brushless Dc Motors ◽  
Brushless Dc ◽  
Power Transistors ◽  
Dc Motors

Two brushless DC motors (BLDC) with a three-section armature windiщ and two cylindrical inductors-magnets are considered. One motor has an ordinary drum-type armature windiщ, and numbers of radial poles in its two inductors differ from each other by a factor of three. The other motor has a toroidal armature winding, and the numbers of radial poles in its two inductors differ from each other by a factor of two. An expression for the distribution of the resulting armature winding magnetic induction over the air gap circumference is given. The optimal relationships between the parameters of two inductors are determined. Expressions are obtained for the ratios of the electromagnetic torques of the considered motors and for the known BLDC motor with a conventional three-section armature winding and a composite inductor consisting of an inner magnetically soft bushing and external poles formed by magnets. The compared machines have the same number of power transistors and are made with the same dimensions of their electromechanical parts, and their armature windings consume the same power from the power source. It has been found that the electromagnetic torque in the considered motor with the ordinary armature winding is approximately a factor of 1.37 greater than in the known motor with a three-section armature winding, whereas in the motor with a toroidal armature winding it is smaller by about a factor of 1.1, i.e., insignificantly. However, the electromagnetic torque pulsation in the motor with a toroidal winding and three power transistors is approximately 3%, whereas in the known motor with three and six power transistors its values are approximately equal to 8 and 4.5%, respectively. The considered motors with simpler cylindrical inductors can compete with the known BLDC motors.

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