trunk motion
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Sensors ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 597
Author(s):  
Ae-Ryeong Kim ◽  
Ju-Hyun Park ◽  
Si-Hyun Kim ◽  
Kwang Bok Kim ◽  
Kyue-Nam Park

The present study was performed to investigate the validity of a wireless earbud-type inertial measurement unit (Ear-IMU) sensor used to estimate head angle during four workouts. In addition, relationships between head angle obtained from the Ear-IMU sensor and the angles of other joints determined with a 3D motion analysis system were investigated. The study population consisted of 20 active volunteers. The Ear-IMU sensor measured the head angle, while a 3D motion analysis system simultaneously measured the angles of the head, trunk, pelvis, hips, and knees during workouts. Comparison with the head angle measured using the 3D motion analysis system indicated that the validity of the Ear-IMU sensor was very strong or moderate in the sagittal and frontal planes. In addition, the trunk angle in the frontal plane showed a fair correlation with the head angle determined with the Ear-IMU sensor during a single-leg squat, reverse lunge, and standing hip abduction; the correlation was poor in the sagittal plane. Our results indicated that the Ear-IMU sensor can be used to directly estimate head motion and indirectly estimate trunk motion.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Germain Faity ◽  
Denis Mottet ◽  
Simon Pla ◽  
Jérôme Froger

AbstractHumans coordinate biomechanical degrees of freedom to perform tasks at minimum cost. When reaching a target from a seated position, the trunk-arm-forearm coordination moves the hand to the well-defined spatial goal, while typically minimising hand jerk and trunk motion. However, due to fatigue or stroke, people visibly move the trunk more, and it is unclear what cost can account for this. Here we show that people recruit their trunk when the torque at the shoulder is too close to the maximum. We asked 26 healthy participants to reach a target while seated and we found that the trunk contribution to hand displacement increases from 11 to 27% when an additional load is handled. By flexing and rotating the trunk, participants spontaneously increase the reserve of anti-gravitational torque at the shoulder from 25 to 40% of maximal voluntary torque. Our findings provide hints on how to include the reserve of torque in the cost function of optimal control models of human coordination in healthy fatigued persons or in stroke victims.


Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1595
Author(s):  
Melissa A. Bent ◽  
Eva M. Ciccodicola ◽  
Susan A. Rethlefsen ◽  
Tishya A. L. Wren

Spina bifida (SB) is caused by incomplete neural tube closure and results in multiple impairments, including muscle weakness. The severity of muscle weakness depends on the neurologic lesion level. Though typically symmetric, there can be asymmetries in neurologic lesion level, motor strength, skeletal structures, and body composition that affect patients’ gait and function. Using body segment and joint motion obtained through 3D computerized motion analysis, we evaluated asymmetry and range of motion at the hip, pelvis, and trunk in the frontal and transverse planes during gait in 57 ambulatory children with SB and 48 typically developing controls. Asymmetry and range of hip, pelvis, and trunk motion in the frontal and transverse planes were significantly greater for patients with mid-lumbar and higher level lesions compared with those having sacral/low-lumbar level lesions and controls without disability (p ≤ 0.01). Crutch use decreased asymmetry of trunk rotation in mid-lumbar level patients from 10.5° to 2.6° (p ≤ 0.01). Patients with asymmetric involvement (sacral level on one side and L3-4 on the other) functioned similarly to sacral level patients, suggesting that they may be better categorized using their stronger side rather than their weaker side as is traditional. The information gained from this study may be useful to clinicians when assessing bracing and assistive device needs for patients with asymmetric SB involvement.


Author(s):  
Mathilde Schwartz ◽  
Jean Theurel ◽  
Kévin Desbrosses

This study investigated the influence of passive back-support exoskeletons (EXOBK) design, trunk sagittal inclination (TSI), and gender on the effectiveness of an exoskeleton to limit erector spinae muscle (ES) activation during a sagittal lifting/lowering task. Twenty-nine volunteers performed an experimental dynamic task with two exoskeletons (two different designs: soft (SUIT) and rigid (SKEL)), and without equipment (FREE). The ES activity was analyzed for eight parts of TSI, each corresponding to 25% of the range of motion (lifting: P1 to P4; lowering: P5 to P8). The impact of EXOBK on ES activity depended on the interaction between exoskeleton design and TSI. With SKEL, ES muscle activity significantly increased for P8 (+36.8%) and tended to decrease for P3 (−7.2%, p = 0.06), compared to FREE. SUIT resulted in lower ES muscle activity for P2 (−9.6%), P3 (−8.7%, p = 0.06), and P7 (−11.1%), in comparison with FREE. Gender did not influence the effect of either back-support exoskeletons on ES muscle activity. These results point to the need for particular attention with regard to (1) exoskeleton design (rigid versus soft) and to (2) the range of trunk motion, when selecting an EXOBK. In practice, the choice of a passive back-support exoskeleton, between rigid and soft design, requires an evaluation of human-exoskeleton interaction in real task conditions. The characterization of trunk kinematics and ranges of motion appears essential to identify the benefits and the negative effects to take into account with each exoskeleton design.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew S. Monaghan ◽  
Jessie M. Huisinga ◽  
Daniel S. Peterson

AbstractPeople with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) demonstrate gait impairments that are related to falls. However, redundancy exists when reporting gait outcomes. This study aimed to develop an MS-specific model of gait and examine differences between fallers and non-fallers. 122 people with relapsing–remitting MS and 45 controls performed 3 timed up-and-go trials wearing inertial sensors. 21 gait parameters were entered into a principal component analysis (PCA). The PCA-derived gait domains were compared between MS fallers (MS-F) and MS non-fallers (MS-NF) and correlated to cognitive, clinical, and quality-of-life outcomes. Six distinct gait domains were identified: pace, rhythm, variability, asymmetry, anterior–posterior dynamic stability, and medial–lateral dynamic stability, explaining 79.15% of gait variance. PwMS exhibited a slower pace, larger variability, and increased medial–lateral trunk motion compared to controls (p < 0.05). The pace and asymmetry domains were significantly worse (i.e., slower and asymmetrical) in MS-F than MS-NF (p < 0.001 and p = 0.03, respectively). Fear of falling, cognitive performance, and functional mobility were associated with a slower gait (p < 0.05). This study identified a six-component, MS-specific gait model, demonstrating that PwMS, particularly fallers, exhibit deficits in pace and asymmetry. Findings may help reduce redundancy when reporting gait outcomes and inform interventions targeting specific gait domains.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Esposito ◽  
Alice Bollini ◽  
Monica Gori

Combining and integrating cues from different sensory channels is fundamental in developing a spatial representation of the environment. In the sighted population, the visual channel is essential in the spatial representation calibration; indeed, blind individuals show some impairments. One may compensate the vision loss to some degree by exploiting the associations between a movement and the consequent change in perceived auditory scene, known as audio-motor contingencies. The compensation extent is unclear, but evidence suggests that it depends on the amount of both visual and motor experience.To quantify the extent of audio-motor compensation in relation to motor and audio-motor experience, we tested the spatial representation skills of a long-experienced early blind 5-a-side football player. We focused on auditory localization performance and sensitivity to an audio-motor contingency alteration. The study compared the player to groups of early blind (audio-motor experience without specific training) and sighted blindfolded people. We also tested an additional early blind individual without extensive audio-motor experience but who lost vision at an older age than the player, to control the effect of early visual experience alone.Participants were tested on a set of steering tasks in auditory virtual reality (VR). In such tasks, participants would rotate a flying arrow towards an acoustic target. Rotations of the head or trunk controlled the arrow trajectory. Additionally, in some conditions, the relationship between movement and change of acoustic perceptual scene was altered to expose the participants’ sensitivity to the audio-motor contingency alteration.The early blind player performance was analyzed with classical univariate single-case statistics and a multivariate support vector machine classifier. Univariate analyses suggested that the early blind player’s trunk motion is early blind-like. However, the multivariate classifier interpreted his overall performance as that of a sighted individual. The multivariate classifier labelled the visually experienced early blind's overall performance as early blind-like. We concluded that extensive audio-motor experience could compensate for early vision loss for what concerns the sensitivity to audio-motor contingency alterations. These results support the idea that adapted sports for visually impaired people are useful to improve their spatial representation and, consequently, their quality of life.


Author(s):  
Akihiro Tamura ◽  
Kiyokazu Akasaka ◽  
Takahiro Otsud ◽  
Hitomi Igarash ◽  
Saori Yoshid

BACKGROUND: Low back pain (LBP) is a common complaint and preventive measures should be considered immediately. In addition, asymmetrical trunk motion, which occurs due to repetitive motion upon performing daily activities, may be one of the biomechanical factors to cause LBP. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the characteristics of asymmetrical trunk motion in women with a history of LBP. METHODS: Thirty-four women were dichotomously categorized into either the LBP or non-LBP group. Trunk active range of motion (RoM) upon sitting and standing were measured via a three-dimensional motion analysis system. Each RoM and rotation and side-flexion asymmetries were calculated and an unpaired t-tests were used to identify differences between each group. RESULTS: Trunk rotation asymmetry upon sitting and standing position in LBP group was significantly greater than that in non-LBP group. Furthermore, trunk rotation angle upon sitting in LBP group was significantly larger than that in non-LBP group. CONCLUSIONS: The limited RoM and asymmetry of trunk rotation may be due to imposed repetitive mechanical stress on habitual excessive motion, including most asymmetrical movements. Our findings indicated that a small trunk rotation angle and asymmetrical trunk rotation may be useful parameters to predict LBP onset or other musculoskeletal conditions of the trunk.


Author(s):  
Lin Ma ◽  
Shu-Ying Liu ◽  
Shan-Shan Cen ◽  
Yuan Li ◽  
Hui Zhang ◽  
...  

Patients with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) are at high risk for conversion to synucleinopathy and Parkinson disease (PD). This can potentially be monitored by measuring gait characteristics of iRBD patients, although quantitative data are scarce and previous studies have reported inconsistent findings. This study investigated subclinical gait changes in polysomnography-proven iRBD patients compared to healthy controls (HCs) during 3 different walking conditions using wearable motor sensors in order to determine whether gait changes can be detected in iRBD patients that could reflect early symptoms of movement disorder. A total 31 iRBD patients and 20 HCs were asked to walk in a 10-m corridor at their usual pace, their fastest pace, and a normal pace while performing an arithmetic operation (dual-task condition) for 1 min each while using a wearable gait analysis system. General gait measurements including stride length, stride velocity, stride time, gait length asymmetry, and gait variability did not differ between iRBD patients and HCs; however, the patients showed decreases in range of motion (P = 0.004) and peak angular velocity of the trunk (P = 0.001) that were significant in all 3 walking conditions. iRBD patients also had a longer step time before turning compared to HCs (P = 0.035), and the difference between groups remained significant after adjusting for age, sex, and height. The decreased trunk motion while walking and increased step time before turning observed in iRBD may be early manifestations of body rigidity and freezing of gait and are possible prodromal symptoms of PD.


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