In vitro evaluation of the relationship between the semitendinosus muscle and cranial cruciate ligament in canine cadavers

SummaryThe immediate postoperative biomechanical properties of an “underand-over” cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) replacement technique consisting of fascia lata and the lateral onethird of the patellar ligament, were compared with that of a modified intra- and extracapsular “under-and-over-the-top” (UOTT) method. The right CCL in twelve adult dogs was dissected out and replaced with an autograft. The contralateral, intact CCL served as the control. In group A, the graft was secured to the lateral femoral condyle with a spiked washer and screw. In group B the intracapsular graft was secured to the lateral femoro-fabellar ligament, and the remainder to the patellar tendon. Both CCL replacement techniques exhibited a 2.0 ± 0.5 mm anterior drawer immediately after the operation. After skeletonization of the stifles, the length and cross-sectional area of the intact CCL and CCL substitutes were determined. Each bone-ligament unit was tested in linear tension to failure at a fixed distraction rate of 15 mm/s with the stifle in 120° flexion. Data was processed to obtain the corresponding material parameters (modulus, stress and strain in the linear loading region, and energy absorption to maximum load).The immediate postoperative structural and material properties of the “under-and-over” cranial cruciate ligament replacement technique with autogenous fascia lata, were compared to that of a modified intra- and extracapsular “under-and-over-the-top” (UOTT) method. The combined UOT T technique was slightly stronger (6%), but allowed 2.8 ± 0.9 mm more cranial tibial displacement at maximum linear force.

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An In Vitro Study to Determine the Effectiveness of a Patellar Ligament/Fascia Lata Graft and New Tibial Suture Anchor Points for Extracapsular Stabilization of the Cranial Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Stifle in the Dog

Veterinary Surgery ◽

10.1111/j.1532-950x.2004.04075.x ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 33 (5) ◽

pp. 531-541 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Tisha A. M. Harper ◽

Robert A. Martin ◽

Daniel L. Ward ◽

J. Wallace Grant

Keyword(s):

Suture Anchor ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Fascia Lata ◽

Vitro Study ◽

Patellar Ligament ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽

Fascia Lata Graft ◽

Anchor Points

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Biomechanical Effects of Tibial Plateau Levelling Osteotomy on Joint Instability in Normal Canine Stifles: An In Vitro Study

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1709505 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (05) ◽

pp. 301-307

Author(s):

Masakazu Shimada ◽

Tetsuya Takagi ◽

Nobuo Kanno ◽

Satoshi Yamakawa ◽

Hiromichi Fujie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Joint Instability ◽

Tibial Plateau ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Biomechanical Testing ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Axial Rotation ◽

Testing System ◽

Compression Tests ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament

Abstract Objective The aim of the study was to determine the changes in biomechanical characteristics following tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO) using simulated manual tests. Study Design Twenty-one stifles from healthy Beagle dogs that had undergone TPLO or had not (control) were first tested in the intact form, and then the cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) was transected in each to provide four test situations: control-intact, control-CrCL-transected, TPLO-intact and TPLO-CrCL-transected. The stifles were then analysed using a robotic joint biomechanical testing system. The craniocaudal drawer, axial rotation and proximal compression tests were applied. Results The craniocaudal displacement during the drawer test was not significantly different between the control-intact and TPLO-intact. However, the displacement was significantly greater in the TPLO-CrCL-transected than in the control-intact. In the axial rotation test, the internal–external (IE) rotation was significantly greater in the TPLO-intact than in the control-intact. Similarly, the IE rotation was significantly greater in the TPLO-CrCL-transected than in the control-CrCL-transected. In the proximal compression test, craniocaudal displacement was not significantly different among the control-intact, TPLO-intact and TPLO-CrCL-transected. Conclusion These findings suggest that TPLO influences the tension of the collateral ligaments and might generate laxity of the tibiofemoral joint. Instability after the osteotomy might be associated with the progression of osteoarthritis.

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Evaluation of the relationship of tibiofemoral kinematics before and after total knee replacement in an in vitro model of cranial cruciate deficiency in the dog

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology ◽

10.3415/vcot-15-09-0158 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 29 (06) ◽

pp. 484-490 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rebecca Howie ◽

Timothy Foutz ◽

Curtis Cathcart ◽

Jeff Burmeister ◽

Steve Budsberg

Keyword(s):

Total Knee Replacement ◽

Knee Replacement ◽

External Rotation ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Flexion Extension ◽

Before And After ◽

Total Knee ◽

Tibiofemoral Kinematics ◽

The Relationship

SummaryObjective: To investigate the relationship between tibiofemoral kinematics before and after total knee replacement (TKR) in vitro.Animals: Eight canine hemipelves.Methods: A modified Oxford Knee Rig was used to place cadaveric limbs through a range of passive motion allowing the kinematics of the stifle to be evaluated. Four measurements were performed: a control stage, followed by a cranial cruciate transection stage, then following TKR with the musculature intact stage, and finally TKR with removal of limb musculature stage. Joint angles and translations of the femur relative to the tibia, including flexion-extension versus adduction-abduction, flexion-extension versus internal-external rotation, as well as flexion-extension versus each translation (cranial-caudal and lateral-medial) were calculated.Results: Significant differences were identified in kinematic data from limbs following TKR implantation as compared to the unaltered stifle. The TKR resulted in significant decreases in external rotation of the stifle during flexion-extension compared to the limb prior to any intervention, as well as increasing the abduction. The TKR significantly increased the caudal translation of the femur relative to the tibia compared to the unaltered limb. When compared with the cranial cruciate ligament-transection stage, TKR significantly decreased the ratio of the external rotation to flexion.Discussion: All three test periods showed significant differences from the unaltered stifle. The TKR did not completely restore the normal kinematics of the stifle.

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DEVELOPMENT OF A CANINE STIFLE COMPUTER MODEL TO EVALUATE CRANIAL CRUCIATE LIGAMENT DEFICIENCY

Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology ◽

10.1142/s0219519413500437 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (02) ◽

pp. 1350043 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

NATHAN P. BROWN ◽

GINA E. BERTOCCI ◽

DENIS J. MARCELLIN-LITTLE

Keyword(s):

Computer Model ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Contact Forces ◽

Model Verification ◽

Tibial Rotation ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽

Load Bearing ◽

Tibial Translation

The objective of this study was to develop a three-dimensional (3D) quasi-static rigid body canine pelvic limb computer model simulating a cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) intact and CrCL-deficient stifle during walking stance to describe stifle biomechanics. The model was based on a five-year-old neutered male Golden Retriever (33 kg) with no orthopedic or neurologic disease. Skeletal geometry and ligament anatomy determined from computed tomography (CT), optimized muscle forces, motion capture kinematics, and force platform ground reaction forces were used to develop the model. Ligament loads, tibial translation, tibial rotation, and femoromeniscal contact forces were compared across the intact and CrCL-deficient stifle. The CrCL was found to be the primary intact stifle load-bearing ligament, and the caudal cruciate ligament was the primary CrCL-deficient stifle load-bearing ligament. Normalized tibial translation and rotation were 0.61 mm/kg and 0.14 degrees/kg, respectively. Our model confirmed that the CrCL stabilizes the intact stifle and limits tibial translation and rotation. Model verification was confirmed through agreement with experimentally measured kinematics and previous in vivo, in vitro, and mathematical model studies. Parametric analysis indicated outcome measure sensitivity to ligament pre-strain. Computer modeling could be useful to further investigate stifle biomechanics associated with surgical stabilization techniques.

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The effect of tibial tuberosity advancement and meniscal release on kinematics of the cranial cruciate ligament-deficient stifle during early, middle, and late stance

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology ◽

10.3415/vcot-10-08-0122 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 24 (05) ◽

pp. 342-349 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

J. A. Syrcle ◽

R. M. McLaughlin ◽

S. H. Elder ◽

J. R. Butler

Keyword(s):

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Axial Rotation ◽

Biomechanical Study ◽

Tibial Tuberosity ◽

Rotational Stability ◽

Tibial Rotation ◽

Cranial Cruciate Ligament ◽

Rotational Displacement ◽

Treatment Conditions

SummaryObjectives: To evaluate the effect of tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) and meniscal release on cranial-caudal and axial rotational displacement during early, middle and late stance phases in the canine cranial cruciate ligament- (CCL) deficient stifle.Study design: In vitro biomechanical study.Methods: Eighteen pelvic limbs were evaluated for the effects of TTA on cranial-caudal displacement and axial rotation under a load equivalent to 30% bodyweight, and under the following treatment conditions: normal (intact CCL), CCL deficient, TTA-treated (CCL deficient + TTA), and meniscal release (TTA treated + meniscal release). The limbs were evaluated in the early, middle, and late stance phases using electromagnetic tracking sensors to determine cranial tibial displacement and tibial rotation relative to the femur.Results: Transection of the CCL resulted in significant cranial tibial displacement during early, middle, and late stance (p < 0.0001) and significant internal rotation during early (p = 0.049) and middle stance (p = 0.0006). Performance of TTA successfully eliminated cranial tibial displacement in early, middle, and late stance (p <0.0001) however, the TTA was unsuccessful in normalizing axial rotation in middle stance (p = 0.030). Meniscal release had no effect on cranial-caudal or rotational displacement when performed in conjunction with the TTA.Clinical significance: Tibial tuberosity advancement effectively eliminates cranial tibial displacement during early, middle and late stance however, TTA failed to provide rotational stability in mid-stance.

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