Fluctuations in Perceptual Organization and Orientation and Perception of Apparent Movement

1968 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 368-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy B. Mefferd
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Organization ◽  
Necker Cube ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Apparent Movement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Central Unit ◽  
Perceptual Unit ◽  
Central Section ◽  
Apparent Position

Three main percepts of a static flat stimulus were reported, one veridical and two with apparent internal depth but which varied in the degree of perceptual organization. In one of these, the entire stimulus formed a single perceptual unit which “reversed” perspective as a unit in a fashion similar to a Necker cube. This percept elicited no reports of apparent movement, but the other percept did. In the latter, the offset central section formed one perceptual unit that was blurred, and the sharp, distinct parts on either side of it formed another unit. The central unit underwent figure-ground reversals, while the adjacent slats of both elements “changed” orientation independently. The changes in apparent position accompanying the latter fluctuations were often perceived as being due to movement of the central section in the frontal plane.

Perceptual Organization in Multistable Apparent Motion

Perception ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vilayanur S Ramachandran ◽  
Stuart M Anstis
Keyword(s):  
Motion Perception ◽  
Apparent Motion ◽  
Perceptual Organization ◽  
Necker Cube ◽  
The Other ◽  
Horizontal Oscillation ◽  
Random Location ◽  
Single Figure ◽  
Looking Back

Is motion perception based on a local piecemeal analysis of the image or do ‘global’ effects also play an important role? Use was made of bistable apparent-motion displays in trying to answer this question. Two spots were flashed simultaneously on diagonally opposite corners of a 1 deg wide square and then switched off and replaced by two spots appearing on the other two corners. One can either see vertical or horizontal oscillation and the display is bistable just as a Necker cube is. If several such bistable figures are randomly scattered on the screen and presented simultaneously, then one usually sees the same motion axis in all of them, suggesting the presence of field-like effects for resolving ambiguity in apparent motion. While viewing a single figure observers experience hysteresis: they tend to adhere to one motion axis or the other and can switch the axis only by looking away and looking back after 10–30 s have elapsed. The figure can be switched off and made to reappear at some other random location on the screen and it is then always found to retain its motion axis. Several such demonstrations are presented to show that spatial induction effects in metastable motion displays may provide a particularly valuable probe for studying ‘laws’ of perceptual organization.

The Concentric Structure of the Wisdom Poem in Job 28

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-45
Author(s):  
Ruth Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Ring Structure ◽  
Central Unit ◽  
Central Section ◽  
Book Of Job ◽  
Rhetorical Question ◽  
Linear Fashion ◽  
Creative Power ◽  
Concentric Pattern ◽  
Human Effort ◽  
Concentric Structure

The enigmatic wisdom poem of Job 28:1–28 stands apart from the rest of the book of Job in style and structure. Most read this poem in linear progression as three strophes (vv. 1–11; 15–19; 23–28) with an intervening refrain (vv. 12–14; 20–22). In this study, it is suggested that the poem has been presented in the form of a concentric or compositional ring structure, which juxtaposes arguments rather than presenting them in a linear fashion. According to this structure there are five compositional units, the centre of which holds the main point of the text (A, B, C, B1, A1). A central section (C vv. 15–19), maintains the traditional view of the supreme value of wisdom. The central unit is surrounded by two inner parallel sections each beginning with a rhetorical question concerning the location of wisdom (Sections B vv. 12–14 and B1 vv. 20–22), and two outer sections (A vv. 1–11 and A1 vv. 23–28) in which two contrasting ways of acquiring wisdom are presented: by independent human effort presented in the form of a mining metaphor (A vv. 1–11); or by contemplation of God’s omnipotent creative power and reverence for Him resulting in right behaviour (A1). Each of the major units also follows a concentric pattern.

Drugs and Personality

1957 ◽  
Vol 103 (432) ◽  
pp. 656-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Eysenck ◽  
H. Holland ◽  
D. S. Trouton
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Test ◽  
Necker Cube ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Drug Action ◽  
The Other ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Mechanical Arrangement

In the first paper of this series, it was pointed out that one of the reasons why McDougall's theory of drug action and personality was not accepted at all widely was connected with the fact that he failed to provide an objective, experimental test which could be used to diagnose extraversion-introversion, and to assess drug effects. This argument is not entirely correct; McDougall did in fact suggest one such test, namely the rate of fluctuation of so-called reversible perspective figures. Many varieties of these are known, and have been used experimentally; the Necker cube, the staircase, the vase-face, and the windmill patterns being probably the best known. In all of these, there is an ambiguity in the drawing which makes it possible to perceive two distinct patterns in the stimulus; on prolonged inspection these patterns alternate, and it is the rate of alternation, signalled verbally or by suitable mechanical arrangement, which constitutes the score on this test. It is known that different types of pattern give reasonably reliable scores, and also that rates of alternation on different patterns correlate quite highly together, thus demonstrating that one and the same tendency is being measured. That this tendency is of central rather than peripheral character is indicated by the fact that changes in the rate of reversal due to fatigue and other causes can be transferred from one eye to the other.

Does the Relative Strength of Grouping Principles Modulate the Interactions between them?

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro R. Montoro ◽  
Dolores Luna
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Organization ◽  
Relative Strength ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common Region ◽  
Cooperation And Competition ◽  
Grouping Effect

AbstractThis study examines the influence of the relative strength of grouping principles on interactions between the intrinsic principle of proximity and the extrinsic principle of common region in the process of perceptual organization. Cooperation and competition between intrinsic and extrinsic principles were examined by presenting the principle either alone or conjoined with another principle. The relative grouping strength of the principles operating alone was varied in two different groups of participants so that it was similar for one group and very different for the other group. Results showed that, when principles acting alone had different strengths, the grouping effect of the strongest principle was similar to that of the cooperation condition, and the effect of the weakest principle was similar to that of competing conjoined principles. In contrast, when the strength of principles acting alone was similar, the effect of conjoined cooperating principles was greater than that of either principle acting alone. Moreover, the effect of conjoined competing principles was smaller than that of either principle operating alone. Results show that cooperation and competition between intrinsic and extrinsic principles are modulated by the relative grouping strength of principles acting alone. Furthermore, performance in these conditions could be predicted on the basis of performance in single-principle conditions.

Perceptual Organization Evokes Simultaneous Lightness Contrast

Perception ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiziano Agostini ◽  
Dennis R Proffitt
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Organization ◽  
Perceptual Grouping ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common Fate ◽  
Lightness Contrast

Principles of perceptual organization can cause simultaneous lightness contrast to be seen in patterns in which the inducing regions are not proximal to the target. In three experiments a match was made between two grey targets, one of which belonged to a white perceptual grouping and the other to a black one. In experiment 1, perceived belongingness was a product of common fate and figural alignment (columns of black dots and columns of white dots moved up and down in counterphase). In experiment 2, belongingness was evoked with only figural alignment. In experiment 3, belongingness was induced by common fate alone. In all three experiments it was found that the grey target belonging to the white group appeared darker than the grey target belonging to the black group.

Depth Cues and Apparent Oscillatory Motion

1969 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 508-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Canestrari ◽  
M. Farne
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Vertical Motion ◽  
Oscillatory Motion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Illusory Motion ◽  
The Real ◽  
Depth Cues ◽  
Pictorial Depth ◽  
Texture Density ◽  
Aerial Perspective

The phenomenon of illusory motion described by Ames as the “rotating trapezoidal window,” the writers interpret as being given by the (monocular “pictorial”) depth cues inherent in the stimulus. In this paper three cues are separately examined: (i) aerial perspective, (ii) interposition, and (iii) gradient of texture density. The stimulus that is seen nearer is also seen moving in a nearer position than the other, and the real rotary motion is thus interpreted as an oscillatory motion or as a vertical motion in the frontal plane.

Perceptual Fluctuations Involving Orientation and Organization

1968 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 827-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy B. Mefferd
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Organization ◽  
Necker Cube ◽  
Optical Data ◽  
Basic System ◽  
Mode Of Operation

Fluctuations in perceptual organization of stimuli (three drawings) were compared with those involving depth (i.e., perspective reversals of a Necker cube). Both types of fluctuations occurred apparently in exactly the same fashion even though each had different consequences for the percept. It was suggested that the fluctuations are the result of the mode of operation of a basic system for processing optical data.

Structure and Allusion in the Apostrophe Zion (11QPsa 22:1–15)

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-70
Author(s):  
Ruth Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Second Temple ◽  
The Other ◽  
Central Section ◽  
Outer Circle ◽  
Inner Circle ◽  
Biblical Allusions ◽  
Opening And Closing ◽  
Concentric Structure

Abstract The Apostrophe to Zion (11QPsa 22:1–15) is a Second Temple song structured as an alphabetic acrostic. A tripartite structure at alphabetic units ע-ת, ט-ס, א-ח with each part enclosed by inclusio has also been observed. In this paper it is proposed that the song also displays a seven part concentric structure, comprising A//A1—an opening and closing invocation to praise at units א-ב// ר-ת; an outer circle B//B1 units ג-ח//ע-ק in which a vision of the glorious future of Zion is recalled; an inner circle C//C1 units ט-כ//מ-ס in which past saving events are recalled and reflected upon in terms of the wisdom doctrine of retribution, and finally, a central section D at unit ל in which the hope of Zion is reaffirmed. Within this concentric structure the poet balances two biblical allusions to Isa 66:10–11 and Dan 9:24 in such a way that they enter into dialogue one with the other. In this the poet shares what appears to be a common Second Temple interpretive strategy of viewing earlier scriptural texts in the light of later ones.

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