Perceptual Organization in Multistable Apparent Motion

Perception ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vilayanur S Ramachandran ◽  
Stuart M Anstis
Keyword(s):  
Motion Perception ◽  
Apparent Motion ◽  
Perceptual Organization ◽  
Necker Cube ◽  
The Other ◽  
Horizontal Oscillation ◽  
Random Location ◽  
Single Figure ◽  
Looking Back

Is motion perception based on a local piecemeal analysis of the image or do ‘global’ effects also play an important role? Use was made of bistable apparent-motion displays in trying to answer this question. Two spots were flashed simultaneously on diagonally opposite corners of a 1 deg wide square and then switched off and replaced by two spots appearing on the other two corners. One can either see vertical or horizontal oscillation and the display is bistable just as a Necker cube is. If several such bistable figures are randomly scattered on the screen and presented simultaneously, then one usually sees the same motion axis in all of them, suggesting the presence of field-like effects for resolving ambiguity in apparent motion. While viewing a single figure observers experience hysteresis: they tend to adhere to one motion axis or the other and can switch the axis only by looking away and looking back after 10–30 s have elapsed. The figure can be switched off and made to reappear at some other random location on the screen and it is then always found to retain its motion axis. Several such demonstrations are presented to show that spatial induction effects in metastable motion displays may provide a particularly valuable probe for studying ‘laws’ of perceptual organization.

Fluctuations in Perceptual Organization and Orientation and Perception of Apparent Movement

1968 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 368-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy B. Mefferd
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Organization ◽  
Necker Cube ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Apparent Movement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Central Unit ◽  
Perceptual Unit ◽  
Central Section ◽  
Apparent Position

Three main percepts of a static flat stimulus were reported, one veridical and two with apparent internal depth but which varied in the degree of perceptual organization. In one of these, the entire stimulus formed a single perceptual unit which “reversed” perspective as a unit in a fashion similar to a Necker cube. This percept elicited no reports of apparent movement, but the other percept did. In the latter, the offset central section formed one perceptual unit that was blurred, and the sharp, distinct parts on either side of it formed another unit. The central unit underwent figure-ground reversals, while the adjacent slats of both elements “changed” orientation independently. The changes in apparent position accompanying the latter fluctuations were often perceived as being due to movement of the central section in the frontal plane.

Action-dependent apparent motion perception

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Wohlschlager
Keyword(s):  
Motion Perception ◽  
Apparent Motion

Neurobiological correlates of apparent motion perception in the human visual system using magnetoencephalography

NeuroImage ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 893
Author(s):  
C.I. Horenstein ◽  
R.R. Ramirez ◽  
E. Kronberg ◽  
U. Ribary ◽  
R.R. Llinas
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Motion Perception ◽  
Apparent Motion ◽  
Human Visual System

scholarly journals Introduction: Digital Pedagogy in American Studies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Gessner ◽  
Uwe Küchler
Keyword(s):  
American Studies ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Technical Support ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Practical Guidelines ◽  
Digital Pedagogy ◽  
Teaching Ideas ◽  
Looking Back ◽  
Summer Semester

As we are writing the introduction to this special issue we are looking back on the online summer semester 2020, which has profoundly and perhaps lastingly impacted how we do American Studies, not least by pushing us to embrace digital technologies to an extent unimaginable half a year ago. Did we really need a viral pandemic to provide the necessary push for some of our colleagues to become (more) digitally naturalized? Of course not. On the other hand, we would have appreciated practical guidelines and offers of technical support for our digital teaching ideas (as most universities have provided them in the last months) much earlier. Yet, most of these offerings were merely technological or only contained a list of tools available. How can we think critically about our tools, and how can we implement them successfully?

Local-Level and Global-Level Form Characteristics in Apparent-Motion Correspondence

Perception ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 1233-1245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry Palmer ◽  
Ovid J L Tzeng ◽  
Sheng He
Keyword(s):  
Apparent Motion ◽  
Motion Detection ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Correspondence Problem ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Global Precedence ◽  
Detection Mechanism ◽  
Motion Display ◽  
Motion Correspondence

This study addressed the ‘correspondence’ problem of apparent-motion (AM) perception in which parts of a scene must be matched with counterparts separated in time and space. Given evidence that AM correspondence can be mediated by two distinct processes—one based on a low-level motion-detection mechanism (the Reichardt process), the other involving the tracking of objects by visual attention (the attention-based process)—the present study explored how these processes interact in the perception of apparent motion between hierarchically structured figures. In three experiments, hierarchical figures were presented in a competition motion display so that, across frames, figures were identical at either the local or the global level. In experiment 1 it was shown that AM occurred between locally identical figures. Furthermore, with the Reichardt AM component eliminated in experiments 3 and 4, no preference was obtained for either level. While evidence from previous studies suggests that form extraction for hierarchically structured figures proceeds from the global to the local level, the present results indicate the irrelevance of such a global precedence in AM correspondence. In addition, it is suggested that Reichardt AM correspondence between local elements constrains attention-based AM correspondence between global figures so that both components move in the same direction. It is argued that this constraining process represents an elegant means of achieving AM correspondence between objects undergoing complex transformations.

4. Motion perception

2017 ◽  
pp. 50-58
Author(s):  
Brian Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Motion Perception ◽  
Apparent Motion ◽  
Time To Contact ◽  
Motion System ◽  
Visual Systems ◽  
Temporal Process ◽  
The World ◽  
Induced Motion ◽  
After Effect ◽  
Spatio Temporal

The ability to detect motion is one of the most important properties of our visual system and the visual systems of nearly every other species. Motion perception is not just important for detecting the movement of objects—both for catching prey and for avoiding predators—but it is also important for providing information about the 3-D structure of the world, for maintaining balance, determining our direction of heading, segregating the scene and breaking camouflage, and judging time-to-contact with other objects in the world. ‘Motion perception’ describes the spatio-temporal process of motion perception and the perceptual effects that tell us something about the characteristics of the motion system: apparent motion, the motion after-effect, and induced motion.

Drugs and Personality

1957 ◽  
Vol 103 (432) ◽  
pp. 656-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Eysenck ◽  
H. Holland ◽  
D. S. Trouton
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Test ◽  
Necker Cube ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Drug Action ◽  
The Other ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Mechanical Arrangement

In the first paper of this series, it was pointed out that one of the reasons why McDougall's theory of drug action and personality was not accepted at all widely was connected with the fact that he failed to provide an objective, experimental test which could be used to diagnose extraversion-introversion, and to assess drug effects. This argument is not entirely correct; McDougall did in fact suggest one such test, namely the rate of fluctuation of so-called reversible perspective figures. Many varieties of these are known, and have been used experimentally; the Necker cube, the staircase, the vase-face, and the windmill patterns being probably the best known. In all of these, there is an ambiguity in the drawing which makes it possible to perceive two distinct patterns in the stimulus; on prolonged inspection these patterns alternate, and it is the rate of alternation, signalled verbally or by suitable mechanical arrangement, which constitutes the score on this test. It is known that different types of pattern give reasonably reliable scores, and also that rates of alternation on different patterns correlate quite highly together, thus demonstrating that one and the same tendency is being measured. That this tendency is of central rather than peripheral character is indicated by the fact that changes in the rate of reversal due to fatigue and other causes can be transferred from one eye to the other.

Breakdown of Apparent Motion under Stereoscopic Viewing

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 55-55
Author(s):  
S Yukumatsu ◽  
K Bingushi
Keyword(s):  
Apparent Motion ◽  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bilateral Condition ◽  
Everyday Experiences ◽  
Cumulative Time

To study the effect of binocular disparity on apparent motion, we measured the cumulative time of its breakdown during a 30 s fixation viewing period. Two light spots, both on the left side of the fixation point, were alternately presented one by one on a CRT display (unilateral condition). These spots were binocularly disparate and viewed through a stereoscope. While one spot near the fixation point was presented on a zero disparity plane, the other spot (more peripheral) was either on a zero, uncrossed, or crossed disparity plane, so that three-dimensional motion could be seen depending on disparity values. We found that the duration of the breakdown of apparent motion was longer when uncrossed and zero-disparity spots were paired to produce apparent motion, and it was shorter when crossed and zero-disparity spots were paired. However, such disparity-specific tendencies were not obtained when the two spots were presented on both sides of the fixation point (bilateral condition). The disparity-specific tendencies in the unilateral condition can be explained by assuming that three-dimensional apparent motion that is consistent with the motion perspective may be stable because we experience it more frequently. Thus, we assume that perception of motion, both apparent and real, may develop through everyday experiences of moving to and fro in the environment rather than seeing objects move.

The Ternus Effect

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Hein
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Apparent Motion ◽  
Perceptual Grouping ◽  
The Other ◽  
The World ◽  
Motion Display ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Insight Into

The Ternus effect refers to an ambiguous apparent motion display in which two or three elements presented in succession and shifted horizontally by one position can be perceived as either a group of elements moving together or as one element jumping across the other(s). This chapter introduces the phenomenon and describes observations made by Pikler and Ternus in the beginning of the twentieth century. Next, reasons for continued interest in the Ternus effect are discussed and an overview of factors that influence it offered, including low-level image-based factors, for example luminance, as well as higher-level scene-based factors, for example perceptual grouping. The chapter ends with a discussion of theories regarding the mechanisms underlying the Ternus effect, providing insight into how the visual system is able to perceive coherent objects in the world despite discontinuities in the input (e.g., as a consequence of eye movements or object occlusion).

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