Field Dependence among Male and Female Alcoholics: II. Norms for the Rod-and-Frame Test

1976 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
George R. Jacobson ◽  
Ann Van Dyke ◽  
Theodore G. Sternbach ◽  
Russell Brethauer
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Perceptual Style ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

402 males and 160 females hospitalized for treatment of alcoholism were tested in a standardized manner on the Rod-and-frame test as a means of supplementing an earlier report of normative data on perceptual style among male alcoholics. When their performance was contrasted with that of normal and psychiatric samples, alcoholics were clearly the most field dependent of all groups studied. Statistically significant sex differences justify the need for separate norms for males and females.

Field Dependence and Rorschach White-Space Figure-Ground Reversal Responses

1971 ◽  
Vol 33 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1191-1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph-M. De Koninck ◽  
Geneviève Crabbé-Declève
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Rorschach Test ◽  
White Space ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

It was hypothesized that field-independent Ss would produce more white space figure-ground reversal responses (S) on the Rorschach test than field-dependent Ss. From 27 females and 25 males given the rod-and-frame test the 7 most field-independent and the 7 most field-dependent took the Rorschach test. The 7 field-independent Ss produced more white space reversals. A control on the number of reversal responses as a function of time of exposure and a control on sex differences showed no contaminating effect. Thus, both measures may refer to the same dimension.

Field Dependence among Male Alcoholics: Establishing Norms for the Rod-and-Frame Test

1974 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 1015-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
George R. Jacobson
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Psychiatric Inpatients ◽  
Perceptual Style ◽  
Normal Males ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

145 hospitalized male alcoholics were tested in standardized fashion on the Rod-and-Frame Test as a first step in the accumulation of normative data on perceptual style among such populations. Their performance was contrasted with that of normal males and male psychiatric inpatients.

Sex Differences in Feedback: Effects on Rod-and-Frame Performance

1979 ◽  
Vol 48 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1279-1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Erdos
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Feedback Effects ◽  
Starting Position ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

It has been demonstrated that feedback is effective in changing rod-and-frame performance for women if given the opportunity to adjust the rod to the vertical repeatedly from the same starting position. It is also shown that the significant difference between males and females in the Rod-and-frame Test is carried by the large difference in the initial tilting position.

Field Dependence: Experimenters' Expectancy, Sex Difference or No Difference?

1989 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Munoz Peplin ◽  
Janet D. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Expectancy Effect ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame ◽  
Expected Outcomes

The possibility that sex differences found in previous research on field dependence may have been due partly to experimenters' expectancy was investigated. Three pairs of naive student-experimenters received different information about expected outcomes for males and females on the Rod and Frame Test and the Embedded Figures Test. There was no evidence of an experimenters' expectancy effect, but there was also no significant difference in the performance of men and women on these two tests of field dependence.

Assessment of visual field dependence: Comparison between the mechanical 3D rod-and-frame test developed by Oltman in 1968 with a 2D computer-based version

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 239-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brice Isableu ◽  
Marc Gueguen ◽  
Benoît Fourré ◽  
Guillaume Giraudet ◽  
Michel-Ange Amorim
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Spatial Perception ◽  
Rehabilitation Programs ◽  
Perceptual Style ◽  
Visual Frame ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame ◽  
Visual Field Dependence

The identification of subject’s perceptual style regarding multisensory integration is a central issue for spatial perception and sensorimotricity. In spatial orientation studies, the weighting of visual frame of reference (visual field dependence) is classically assessed by using verticality perception tasks, and especially the mechanical 3D rod-and-frame test (3D RFT). The validation of a 2D computer-based version of the RFT by virtue of its portability would facilitate the identification of modes of spatial referencing for the design and evaluation of sensory and motor rehabilitation programs. We question here whether the computerized 2D RFT yields frame effects similar (in amplitude, direction) and correlated to those induced by the mechanical 3D RFT. In both devices, 35 young and healthy males’ subjects were seated and tasked with aligning a rod to the gravity vertical within a square frame that was tilted at 18Âř. The results showed significantly larger rod deviations from the verticality in the 3D RFT. 3D and 2D RFT errors significantly correlated but shared a small amount of common variance ( r 2 = 0.35). In addition, left-right tilt asymmetry changes from one device to another. These results suggest that the mechanical 3D RFT for verticality perception remains a more robust test for identifying the subject’s perceptual style.

Field Dependence-Independence and Self-Esteem in Pre-Adolescent Children

1975 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter M. Pawelkiewicz ◽  
Walter G. Mc Intire
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Inventory Analysis ◽  
Field Independence ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Middle Range ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

The field independence-dependence and self-esteem of 200 preadolescent boys and girls were studied using the Portable Rod-and-frame Test and the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory. Analysis of variance indicated that field-independent children had significantly higher self-esteem than middle-range and field-dependent individuals. A small significant correlation between field independence and high self-esteem obtained (–.24) but only for boys.

Individual Differences in Responses to Induced Perceptual Conflict

1977 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 991-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Cegalis ◽  
David Leen
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Major Change ◽  
Visual Condition ◽  
Tolerance Of Ambiguity ◽  
Personality Changes ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

Examining reactions to experimentally induced perceptual conflict may be a useful method of studying perceptual/cognitive disorganization and adaptive features of personality. Changes in field-dependence (rod-and-frame test) were assessed in introverted and extraverted subjects (17–19 yr.) who were exposed to inversion of the visual field. Tolerance of ambiguity was also assessed. There were no significant differences between introverts ( n = 20) and extraverts ( n = 16) on preinversion measures of field-dependence. However, extraverts became more field-dependent on first exposure to inversion and maintained a generally higher level of field-dependence. Introverts became more field-dependent only after walking in the inverted visual condition and after a major change in exposure conditions. No significant differences in post-inversion levels of field-dependence were observed.

Field-Dependence, Extraversion and Perception of the Vertical: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives of the Rod-and-Frame Test

1975 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard J. Fine ◽  
Armand V. Danforth
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
The Past ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Paper And Pencil ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

Using conventional scoring procedures for the Rod-and-frame Test (RFT), extraversion was shown to interact with field-dependence (defined by scores on the Hidden-shapes Test), with the field-dependent extraverts being most inaccurate performers on the rod and frame. Of greater importance, serious questions were raised about theoretical and empirical aspects of the relationship between paper-and-pencil measures of field-dependence and performance on the rod and frame, and it was concluded that “what has … been demonstrated over the past ten years is the reliability of a relationship of questionable validity.”

Strength of Association between Sex and Field Dependence

1978 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary J. Allen ◽  
Mary E. Cholet
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Strength Of Association ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

An index of the strength of association between sex and each of two measures of field dependence, the Rod and Frame Test and Embedded Figures Test, was calculated based upon reported significant sex differences on these measures. Median ω 2 values based upon 20 rod-and-frame results and 18 embedded-figures results are .11 for the former and .12 for the latter. It appears that gender accounts for less than 15% of the variance in field-dependence scores.

Field Dependence and Facial Recognition

1977 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curt Hoffman ◽  
Spencer Kagan
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
Facial Recognition ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Human Faces ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

29 male and 28 female undergraduates were administered two measures of Witkin's field-dependence dimension—the Portable Rod-and-frame Test and the Group Embedded-figures Test—and a test of facial recognition. Field-independent males were significantly more accurate in the recognition of photographed human faces than field-dependent males. Field-independent females were also more accurate than field-dependent females, although the relation was nonsignificant. While it has often been claimed that field-dependent individuals remember faces better, the results of the present study, as well as others which have examined this relationship, support the opposite conclusion.

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