Individual Differences in Responses to Induced Perceptual Conflict

1977 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 991-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Cegalis ◽  
David Leen
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Major Change ◽  
Visual Condition ◽  
Tolerance Of Ambiguity ◽  
Personality Changes ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

Examining reactions to experimentally induced perceptual conflict may be a useful method of studying perceptual/cognitive disorganization and adaptive features of personality. Changes in field-dependence (rod-and-frame test) were assessed in introverted and extraverted subjects (17–19 yr.) who were exposed to inversion of the visual field. Tolerance of ambiguity was also assessed. There were no significant differences between introverts ( n = 20) and extraverts ( n = 16) on preinversion measures of field-dependence. However, extraverts became more field-dependent on first exposure to inversion and maintained a generally higher level of field-dependence. Introverts became more field-dependent only after walking in the inverted visual condition and after a major change in exposure conditions. No significant differences in post-inversion levels of field-dependence were observed.

Field Dependence among Male and Female Alcoholics: II. Norms for the Rod-and-Frame Test

1976 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
George R. Jacobson ◽  
Ann Van Dyke ◽  
Theodore G. Sternbach ◽  
Russell Brethauer
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Perceptual Style ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

402 males and 160 females hospitalized for treatment of alcoholism were tested in a standardized manner on the Rod-and-frame test as a means of supplementing an earlier report of normative data on perceptual style among male alcoholics. When their performance was contrasted with that of normal and psychiatric samples, alcoholics were clearly the most field dependent of all groups studied. Statistically significant sex differences justify the need for separate norms for males and females.

Assessment of visual field dependence: Comparison between the mechanical 3D rod-and-frame test developed by Oltman in 1968 with a 2D computer-based version

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 239-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brice Isableu ◽  
Marc Gueguen ◽  
Benoît Fourré ◽  
Guillaume Giraudet ◽  
Michel-Ange Amorim
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Spatial Perception ◽  
Rehabilitation Programs ◽  
Perceptual Style ◽  
Visual Frame ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame ◽  
Visual Field Dependence

The identification of subject’s perceptual style regarding multisensory integration is a central issue for spatial perception and sensorimotricity. In spatial orientation studies, the weighting of visual frame of reference (visual field dependence) is classically assessed by using verticality perception tasks, and especially the mechanical 3D rod-and-frame test (3D RFT). The validation of a 2D computer-based version of the RFT by virtue of its portability would facilitate the identification of modes of spatial referencing for the design and evaluation of sensory and motor rehabilitation programs. We question here whether the computerized 2D RFT yields frame effects similar (in amplitude, direction) and correlated to those induced by the mechanical 3D RFT. In both devices, 35 young and healthy males’ subjects were seated and tasked with aligning a rod to the gravity vertical within a square frame that was tilted at 18Âř. The results showed significantly larger rod deviations from the verticality in the 3D RFT. 3D and 2D RFT errors significantly correlated but shared a small amount of common variance ( r 2 = 0.35). In addition, left-right tilt asymmetry changes from one device to another. These results suggest that the mechanical 3D RFT for verticality perception remains a more robust test for identifying the subject’s perceptual style.

Field Dependence-Independence and Self-Esteem in Pre-Adolescent Children

1975 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter M. Pawelkiewicz ◽  
Walter G. Mc Intire
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Inventory Analysis ◽  
Field Independence ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Middle Range ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

The field independence-dependence and self-esteem of 200 preadolescent boys and girls were studied using the Portable Rod-and-frame Test and the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory. Analysis of variance indicated that field-independent children had significantly higher self-esteem than middle-range and field-dependent individuals. A small significant correlation between field independence and high self-esteem obtained (–.24) but only for boys.

Field-Dependence, Extraversion and Perception of the Vertical: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives of the Rod-and-Frame Test

1975 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard J. Fine ◽  
Armand V. Danforth
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
The Past ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Paper And Pencil ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

Using conventional scoring procedures for the Rod-and-frame Test (RFT), extraversion was shown to interact with field-dependence (defined by scores on the Hidden-shapes Test), with the field-dependent extraverts being most inaccurate performers on the rod and frame. Of greater importance, serious questions were raised about theoretical and empirical aspects of the relationship between paper-and-pencil measures of field-dependence and performance on the rod and frame, and it was concluded that “what has … been demonstrated over the past ten years is the reliability of a relationship of questionable validity.”

Field Dependence and Rorschach White-Space Figure-Ground Reversal Responses

1971 ◽  
Vol 33 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1191-1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph-M. De Koninck ◽  
Geneviève Crabbé-Declève
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Rorschach Test ◽  
White Space ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

It was hypothesized that field-independent Ss would produce more white space figure-ground reversal responses (S) on the Rorschach test than field-dependent Ss. From 27 females and 25 males given the rod-and-frame test the 7 most field-independent and the 7 most field-dependent took the Rorschach test. The 7 field-independent Ss produced more white space reversals. A control on the number of reversal responses as a function of time of exposure and a control on sex differences showed no contaminating effect. Thus, both measures may refer to the same dimension.

Field Dependence and Facial Recognition

1977 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curt Hoffman ◽  
Spencer Kagan
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
Facial Recognition ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Human Faces ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

29 male and 28 female undergraduates were administered two measures of Witkin's field-dependence dimension—the Portable Rod-and-frame Test and the Group Embedded-figures Test—and a test of facial recognition. Field-independent males were significantly more accurate in the recognition of photographed human faces than field-dependent males. Field-independent females were also more accurate than field-dependent females, although the relation was nonsignificant. While it has often been claimed that field-dependent individuals remember faces better, the results of the present study, as well as others which have examined this relationship, support the opposite conclusion.

Field Dependence and Distraction in a Simple Psychomotor Task with a Constant Foreperiod

1974 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 1239-1244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey H. Blowers
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

Rod-and-frame errors are thought to reflect differential abilities in selective attention. For this reason a study of the relationship of field dependence to distraction should involve Ss whose field-dependence scores have been determined specifically by the rod-and-frame test. It is thought that discrepancies in the results of previous work might be accounted for by lack of consistent use of these scores. The present study involved distraction in a simple reaction-time paradigm using 10 field-dependent and 10 field-independent Ss. There was no correlation between distraction and field dependence although it may be that a larger difference in field-dependence scores between groups is required to detect differences in susceptibility to distraction.

Field-Dependence/Independence: Ability in Relation to Mobility-Fixity

1986 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 279-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Birger Hansson ◽  
Olof O. Rydén ◽  
Per Johnsson
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
Relative Stability ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Field Independence ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Independence Dimension ◽  
Male University Students ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

Previous authors have pointed out that, while the classic Rod-and-Frame Test (RFT) yields a measure of ability to perform field-independently, it is unsuitable for identifying stylistic preference, such as mobility-fixity within the field-dependence/independence dimension. To relate mobility-fixity and ability aspects of field-dependence/independence, we compared data obtained from two versions of the test: one with a “free” instruction, on which the subjects were invited to adjust the rod to any position(s) they preferred on each of 10 trials and a process-oriented version (RFT-P), involving 20 trials with the standard instruction but with a constant rod-and-frame configuration, making possible analysis of the process of adaptation. Mobility versus fixity was defined in terms of more or less frequent changes of rod positions and choice of a high or a low proportion of nongeometrical positions in the RFT-Free. 38 female and 23 male university students completed first the RFT-Free and thereafter the RFT-Process. Women were more field-dependent than men throughout the RFT-Process trials; there were no differences between the sexes over trials or in choice of positions in the RFT-Free. Compared with field-dependent subjects, field-independent subjects mote often changed rod positions in the RFT-Free and preferred nongeometrical positions somewhat more. Among field-independent subjects, those with consistently low deviations in RFT-Process more often preferred a variety of nongeometrical positions in RFT-Free than did those with gradually increasing deviations. We conclude that field-independence is associated with mobility and field-dependence with fixity, as defined by the RFT-Free variables, and that a prerequisite for high mobility is a relative stability of field-independence as reflected on the RFT-Process. Theoretical implications of this conclusion are discussed.

Field Dependence and Physical Ability

1975 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 216-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald V. Barrell ◽  
Helen R. Trippe
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
Track And Field ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Ability Level ◽  
Physical Ability ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Highly Skilled ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

Field-dependence scores of professional dancers, highly skilled performers in tennis, soccer, cricket and track and field athletics, medium-ability level players in the same four sports and a group of non-game players were measured using a rod and frame test. Results showed that highly skilled tennis players were significantly more field-dependent than top-class track and field athletes and medium-ability level tennis players.

Extraversion, Field-Dependence, and the Stroop Test

1972 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 873-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Bone ◽  
H. J. Eysenck
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
Stroop Test ◽  
Stroop Interference ◽  
Word Naming ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Naming Tasks ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

Scores on extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism were correlated with each other, and with scores on the rod-and-frame test and the Stroop test, for 97 male and 97 female Ss, and the resulting tables of correlations factor-analyzed for the sexes separately. Of interest for the study of personality was a factor containing loadings on extraversion, field dependence, speed on the Stroop colour and word naming tasks, and Stroop interference. Loadings were much higher and more clearly marked for men than for women. Women were significantly more field-dependent than men. The results are in line with expectation.

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