Sensory Feedback Does Not Cause Selective Adaptation of Human “Command Neurons”

1977 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Rosenbaum ◽  
Michael Radford
Keyword(s):  
Present Experiment ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Negative Transfer ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Selective Adaptation ◽  
Positive Transfer ◽  
Command Neurons ◽  
Body Movements ◽  
Human Motor

It has been proposed that body movements are partly controlled by a neural hierarchy, with cells at successively higher levels controlling increasing numbers of muscles engaged in functionally equivalent responses. In addition to physiological support for the hypothesis, obtained from infrahuman species, evidence from human subjects has been obtained in the form of negative transfer between successive similar responses. This negative transfer has been attributed to selective adaptation of “command neurons” in the human motor system. The present experiment found no evidence for negative (or positive) transfer between passive and active movements, suggesting that selective adaptation of human command neurons is caused by efference rather than afference.

scholarly journals Starting and stopping movement by the primate brain

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 239821281983714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Lemon ◽  
Alexander Kraskov
Keyword(s):  
Motor System ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Spinal Injury ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Action Observation ◽  
Command Neurons ◽  
Reach To Grasp ◽  
Primate Brain ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Human Primate

We review the current knowledge about the part that motor cortex plays in the preparation and generation of movement, and we discuss the idea that corticospinal neurons, and particularly those with cortico-motoneuronal connections, act as ‘command’ neurons for skilled reach-to-grasp movements in the primate. We also review the increasing evidence that it is active during processes such as action observation and motor imagery. This leads to a discussion about how movement is inhibited and stopped, and the role in these for disfacilitation of the corticospinal output. We highlight the importance of the non-human primate as a model for the human motor system. Finally, we discuss the insights that recent research into the monkey motor system has provided for translational approaches to neurological diseases such as stroke, spinal injury and motor neuron disease.

Higher-order representations of newly learnt action sounds in the human motor system

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Waszak ◽  
S. Schuetz-Bosbach ◽  
C. Weiss ◽  
L. Ticini
Keyword(s):  
Motor System ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Human Motor

Cholinergic Influences on Use-Dependent Plasticity

2002 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Sawaki ◽  
B. Boroojerdi ◽  
A. Kaelin-Lang ◽  
A. H. Burstein ◽  
C. M. Bütefisch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Double Blind Placebo ◽  
Corticomotor Excitability ◽  
Dependent Plasticity ◽  
Motor Practice ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Human Motor

Motor practice elicits use-dependent plasticity in humans as well as in animals. Given the influence of cholinergic neurotransmission on learning and memory processes, we evaluated the effects of scopolamine (a muscarinic receptor antagonist) on use-dependent plasticity and corticomotor excitability in a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized design study. Use-dependent plasticity was substantially attenuated by scopolamine in the absence of global changes in corticomotor excitability. These results identify a facilitatory role for cholinergic influences in use-dependent plasticity in the human motor system.

Human motor unit recordings: Origins and insight into the integrated motor system

2011 ◽  
Vol 1409 ◽  
pp. 42-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Duchateau ◽  
Roger M. Enoka
Keyword(s):  
Motor Unit ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Insight Into

Conscious and Unconscious Representations of Observed Actions in the Human Motor System

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 2028-2041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan D. A. Mattiassi ◽  
Sonia Mele ◽  
Luca F. Ticini ◽  
Cosimo Urgesi
Keyword(s):  
Motor System ◽  
Action Observation ◽  
Single Pulse ◽  
Basic Mechanism ◽  
Perceptual Awareness ◽  
Unconscious Perception ◽  
Motor Resonance ◽  
Specific Increase ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Hand Action

Action observation activates the observer's motor system. These motor resonance responses are automatic and triggered even when the action is only implied in static snapshots. However, it is largely unknown whether an action needs to be consciously perceived to trigger motor resonance. In this study, we used single-pulse TMS to study the facilitation of corticospinal excitability (a measure of motor resonance) during supraliminal and subliminal presentations of implied action images. We used a forward and backward dynamic masking procedure that successfully prevented the conscious perception of prime stimuli depicting a still hand or an implied abduction movement of the index or little finger. The prime was followed by the supraliminal presentation of a still or implied action probe hand. Our results revealed a muscle-specific increase of motor facilitation following observation of the probe hand actions that were consciously perceived as compared with observation of a still hand. Crucially, unconscious perception of prime hand actions presented before probe still hands did not increase motor facilitation as compared with observation of a still hand, suggesting that motor resonance requires perceptual awareness. However, the presentation of a masked prime depicting an action that was incongruent with the probe hand action suppressed motor resonance to the probe action such that comparable motor facilitation was recorded during observation of implied action and still hand probes. This suppression of motor resonance may reflect the processing of action conflicts in areas upstream of the motor cortex and may subserve a basic mechanism for dealing with the multiple and possibly incongruent actions of other individuals.

scholarly journals Dose-Dependent Effects of Theta Burst rTMS on Cortical Excitability and Resting-State Connectivity of the Human Motor System

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (20) ◽  
pp. 6849-6859 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Nettekoven ◽  
L. J. Volz ◽  
M. Kutscha ◽  
E.-M. Pool ◽  
A. K. Rehme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resting State ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Cortical Excitability ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Resting State Connectivity ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Theta Burst

scholarly journals THE USE OF BIMANESE VOWEL IN ENGLISH SPEAKING

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Muhayyah Muhayyah
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Negative Transfer ◽  
Positive Transfer ◽  
Research Subject ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
English Speaking

This research was aimed at finding how Bimanese vowels interfere Bimanese students in speaking English. The techniques of collecting data were observation and video. The data was collected during the research subject did the presentation in the class. The data analysis used qualitative descriptive. Based on the finding, it’s found there were positive and negative transfers. In positive transfer the Bimanese vowels had similar sound in English so the students from Bima were easy to pronounce the words for example, in vowel /a/ in a word argument, associate, after, discuss, /i/ in a word this, into, is, mean, /u/ in a word opportunity, role, argument, /e/ in a word recognize, based, object, /o/ in a word order, of, associate. In negative transfer because of Bimanese have a strong accent, stress and intonation so in some words like /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/ and /o/ when they speak some words in English they keep making a mistake for example the word  “recognize” (rɛkɔgnɑīz) was pronounce “rɛkɔgnɑīsɛd” by a Bimanese student, the word “procedure” (prәʃīdɛr) was pronounce “prɔʃɛdɛrʊl” by Bimanese student, the word “different” (dīfrәnt) was pronounce “difɛrɛn” by Bimanese student, and the word “family” (fӕmәlī) was pronounce “fɛmili” by Bimanese student. The Bimanese vowel could give interference to the Bimanese students during learning process because they still familiar with their language so in some words they keep make a mistake.

Selective fatigue in the human motor system

1980 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Heuer
Keyword(s):  
Motor System ◽  
Human Motor
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