Subjective Estimates of Body Tilt and the Rod-and-Frame Test

1978 ◽  
Vol 47 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1051-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Sigman ◽  
Donald R. Goodenough ◽  
Michael Flannagan
Keyword(s):  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Body Position ◽  
Estimation Procedure ◽  
Body Tilt ◽  
Frame Tilt ◽  
Subjective Estimates ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

The existence of an illusion of self-tilt in the rod-and-frame test was demonstrated using a magnitude-estimation procedure. Subjects, seated in a tiltable chair, estimated their body tilt after being placed in one of 13 body tilt positions and while viewing a rod-and-frame display. A shift of the apparent body position occurred in the opposite direction of frame tilt. The results are consistent with earlier findings using the method of body and head adjustment.

Perception of Depth as Measured by Magnitude Estimation

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 905-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald V. Barrett ◽  
Thomas R. Williamson ◽  
Carl L. Thornton
Keyword(s):  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Estimation Technique ◽  
Complex Scene ◽  
Perceptual Style ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

11 Ss used the magnitude estimation technique to judge depth in 3 three-dimensional scenes of varying complexity. Also S's perceptual style, as measured by the rod-and-frame test, was determined to test the hypothesis that perception of depth is significantly related to S's perceptual style. Each S was given 30 trials under 5 eye conditions, i.e., left eye occluded, right eye occluded (both aware and unaware of occlusion), and neither eye occluded. No significant relationship was found between various eye conditions and judgment of depth or between S's perceptual style and judgments. A significant relationship was found among scenes, with the more complex scene judged as having greater depth.

Large Errors in the Perception of Verticality are Generated by Luminance Borders (Integrated across Space) Not by Subjective Borders

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p3070 ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-184
Author(s):  
Donatella Spinelli ◽  
Gabriella Antonucci ◽  
Maria Luisa Martelli ◽  
Pierluigi Zoccolotti
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Subjective Contour ◽  
Standard Condition ◽  
Global Orientation ◽  
Tilted Frame ◽  
Frame Tilt ◽  
Visual Vertical ◽  
Perception Of Verticality ◽  
Rod And Frame

The rod-and-frame illusion shows large errors in the judgment of visual vertical in the dark if the frame is large and there are no other visible cues (Witkin and Asch, 1948 Journal of Experimental Psychology38 762–782). Three experiments were performed to investigate other characteristics of the frame critical for generating these large errors. In the first experiment, the illusion produced by an 11° tilted frame made by luminance borders (standard condition) was considerably larger than that produced by a subjective-contour frame. In the second experiment, with a 33° frame tilt, the illusion was in the direction of frame tilt with a luminance-border frame but in the opposite direction in the subjective-contour condition. In the third experiment, to contrast the role of local and global orientation, the sides of the frame were made of short separate luminous segments. The segments could be oriented in the same direction as the frame sides, in the opposite direction, or could be vertical. The orientation of the global frame dominated the illusion while local orientation produced much smaller effects. Overall, to generate a large rod-and-frame illusion in the dark, the tilted frame must have luminance, not subjective, contours. Luminance borders do not need to be continuous: a frame made of sparse segments is also effective. The mechanism responsible for the large orientation illusion is driven by integrators of orientation across large areas, not by figural operators extracting shape orientation in the absence of oriented contours.

Instructions, Illusory Self-Tilt and the Rod-and-Frame Test

1979 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Sigman ◽  
Donald R. Goodenough ◽  
Michael Flannagan
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Midline ◽  
Adjustment Error ◽  
Gravitational Vertical ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

If an illusion of self-tilt is involved in rod-and-frame test performance, then instructions to adjust the rod to the body midline (egocentric instructions) should result in less rod adjustment error than the standard instructions for the rod-and-frame test to adjust the rod to the gravitational vertical. Two experiments were designed to examine this possibility. The results of the first experiment indicate that the tilted rod-and-frame display induces an illusion of self-tilt in the opposite direction. Significant differences between instructional conditions were found in the second experiment as expected. Other rod-and-frame studies are discussed in view of these findings.

The Distinction between the Rod-and-Frame Illusion and the Rod-and-Frame Test

Perception ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
P M Wenderoth
Keyword(s):  
Angular Function ◽  
Frame Effect ◽  
Tilt Illusion ◽  
Single Frame ◽  
Frame Tilt ◽  
Attraction Effects ◽  
Gravitational Vertical ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

Errors in vertical settings of a test rod occur when the rod is enclosed in a laterally-tilted square-outline frame. The majority of previous experiments which have investigated this rod-and-frame effect have used a single frame tilt, usually 28°, and have tabulated errors as average unsigned deviations from gravitational vertical. Evidence is presented that, when the illusion is measured by taking algebraic differences between constant (signed) errors made with and without the frame being present, illusions occur in the direction of frame tilt for frame tilts up to about 25° from vertical (repulsion effects) but that directionally opposite illusions (attraction effects) occur for frame tilts between 25° and 45°. At the frame tilts used most frequently in previous studies (25° to 30°) little or no illusion occurs. A distinction is drawn between the rod-and-frame illusion (RFI), which has an angular function similar to the simple tilt illusion and aftereffect, and the rod-and-frame test (RFT), which uses unsigned deviations from vertical as its measure of error and which probably bears little or no relationship to the RFI.

Young Children's Rod-and-Frame Test Performance

1977 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Haywood ◽  
Janet Teeple ◽  
Michael Givens ◽  
Judy Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Developmental Trend ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Frame Tilt ◽  
Order Of Presentation ◽  
Direction Opposite ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

Research on children's performance on the Witkin Rod-and-frame Test has suggested that children rely heavily on contextual cues in perceiving verticality but that this reliance decreases with age. In the present study this developmental trend in children younger than those previously tested was studied. The effect on performance of the conventional practice of tilting subjects in a chair which rotates about a seat axis, thus displacing the head away from the stimulus, was also studied. After a short training session 14 boys and 11 girls, 4.70 to 10.95 yr. old, were given 12 trials of the standard test while tilted about a seat axis and, on another day, 12 trials while tilted about a head axis. Although the axis of tilt and the order of presentation were nonsignificant, data tended to confirm the existence of a developmental trend in young children. An alternate scoring procedure to investigate errors in the direction opposite frame-tilt indicated that the initial tilt of the rod relative to the frame significantly affects the accuracy of judgments of the vertical.

An Entry in the Great Frame-Tilt Judging Contest

1981 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Goodenough
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Frame Tilt ◽  
Dependence Theory ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

Some important questions about discrepancies between observer-perceived and investigator-defined direction of frame tilt are raised by Fine in his recent note on procedures used in the rod-and-frame test of field dependence. The practical and conceptual implications of these discrepancies are discussed in the present article in the context of Witkin's field-dependence theory and of recent findings on the nature of the rod-and-frame illusion.

Perception of the Upright in Normal and Schizophrenic Subjects

1980 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-106
Author(s):  
Prem Shanker
Keyword(s):  
Large Angle ◽  
Small Error ◽  
Mixed Design ◽  
Frame Tilt ◽  
Clockwise Direction ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

To see the effects of a large angle of frame-tilt, movement of the rod in the clockwise direction, and the difference between the normal and schizophrenic subjects in the perception of the upright, a mixed design (subjects × angle × presentation × trial) was used. 24 normal and 24 schizophrenic subjects were tested in a darkroom with a rod-and-frame test. The results showed a small error with a clockwise movement of the rod, when the frame also was tilted clockwise, and no difference in perception of the upright between the normal and schizophrenic subjects.

scholarly journals AN ILLUSION OF BODY TILT IN THE ROD-AND-FRAME TEST

1977 ◽  
Vol 1977 (1) ◽  
pp. i-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Sigman ◽  
Donald R. Goodenough ◽  
Michael Flannagan
Keyword(s):  
Body Tilt ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

scholarly journals Manifestations of Aging in Virtual Reality Implementation of Rod and Frame Test

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 700-701
Author(s):  
Michal Adamski ◽  
Miroslaw Latka ◽  
Anna Latka ◽  
Bruce West
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Frame Tilt ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Visual Frame ◽  
Visual Vertical ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

Abstract Senior adults’ reliance on the visual frame of reference for spatial orientation is a manifestation of an age-related shift in cognitive style from field independence to field dependence. We implemented a virtual reality rod and frame test (VR-RFT) to assess visual field dependence (VFD) in n=39 young adults (20-30 years old) and n=43 seniors (60 years old and above). The subjects were asked to determine subjective visual vertical (SVV) for 19 angles of frame tilt (running from -45 degrees to 45 degrees in steps of 5 degrees). The strong VFD of seniors was manifested not only by the increased error in the determination of SVV (SVVE) but also in its distribution. For small and large frame tilt angles, seniors’ SVVE skewness and kurtosis were greater than those of young adults. The SVVE median dependence on frame tilt may be accounted for with a phenomenological model whose two parameters describe the strengths of primary (P) and secondary (S) visual attractors which subjects use to infer SVV: the edges of the frame and its imaginary diagonals. For young adults, these parameters were: PY=14.91 and SY=12.51. For seniors, we observed an over 50% increase in the strength of the primary attractor PS=26.31 while the strength of the secondary one was only weakly affected by aging: SS=13.74. We demonstrate that the asymmetry between the strength of attractors significantly contributes to SVVE made by seniors at large frame tilts. We hypothesize that a variant VR-RFT may be used in rehabilitation to reduce excessive VFD.

Orientation Bias in the Rod-and-Frame Test

1977 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 891-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Pitblado
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Diagnostic Significance ◽  
Frame Tilt ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame ◽  
Orientation Bias

Rod-and-frame data for a sample of 21 males and 25 females showed marked asymmetries in the magnitudes of the frame effects for left and right frame-tilt. These asymmetries are interpreted as an underlying tendency for individuals to set the rod systematically clockwise or counterclockwise of true vertical, independently of the influence of the visible frame, and the term “orientation bias” is used to describe this tendency. 14 males and 14 females demonstrated orientation biases significantly different from zero. In group comparisons males differed significantly from females, the mean bias for males as a group lying significantly left (counterclockwise) of vertical while the mean for females as a group did not differ from zero. Implications for conventional measures of field dependence are discussed. Possible diagnostic significance of orientation performance for brain injury is also considered, and an unusual individual performance is described.

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