scholarly journals Manifestations of Aging in Virtual Reality Implementation of Rod and Frame Test

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 700-701
Author(s):  
Michal Adamski ◽  
Miroslaw Latka ◽  
Anna Latka ◽  
Bruce West
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Frame Tilt ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Visual Frame ◽  
Visual Vertical ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

Abstract Senior adults’ reliance on the visual frame of reference for spatial orientation is a manifestation of an age-related shift in cognitive style from field independence to field dependence. We implemented a virtual reality rod and frame test (VR-RFT) to assess visual field dependence (VFD) in n=39 young adults (20-30 years old) and n=43 seniors (60 years old and above). The subjects were asked to determine subjective visual vertical (SVV) for 19 angles of frame tilt (running from -45 degrees to 45 degrees in steps of 5 degrees). The strong VFD of seniors was manifested not only by the increased error in the determination of SVV (SVVE) but also in its distribution. For small and large frame tilt angles, seniors’ SVVE skewness and kurtosis were greater than those of young adults. The SVVE median dependence on frame tilt may be accounted for with a phenomenological model whose two parameters describe the strengths of primary (P) and secondary (S) visual attractors which subjects use to infer SVV: the edges of the frame and its imaginary diagonals. For young adults, these parameters were: PY=14.91 and SY=12.51. For seniors, we observed an over 50% increase in the strength of the primary attractor PS=26.31 while the strength of the secondary one was only weakly affected by aging: SS=13.74. We demonstrate that the asymmetry between the strength of attractors significantly contributes to SVVE made by seniors at large frame tilts. We hypothesize that a variant VR-RFT may be used in rehabilitation to reduce excessive VFD.

Assessment of visual field dependence: Comparison between the mechanical 3D rod-and-frame test developed by Oltman in 1968 with a 2D computer-based version

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 239-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brice Isableu ◽  
Marc Gueguen ◽  
Benoît Fourré ◽  
Guillaume Giraudet ◽  
Michel-Ange Amorim
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Spatial Perception ◽  
Rehabilitation Programs ◽  
Perceptual Style ◽  
Visual Frame ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame ◽  
Visual Field Dependence

The identification of subject’s perceptual style regarding multisensory integration is a central issue for spatial perception and sensorimotricity. In spatial orientation studies, the weighting of visual frame of reference (visual field dependence) is classically assessed by using verticality perception tasks, and especially the mechanical 3D rod-and-frame test (3D RFT). The validation of a 2D computer-based version of the RFT by virtue of its portability would facilitate the identification of modes of spatial referencing for the design and evaluation of sensory and motor rehabilitation programs. We question here whether the computerized 2D RFT yields frame effects similar (in amplitude, direction) and correlated to those induced by the mechanical 3D RFT. In both devices, 35 young and healthy males’ subjects were seated and tasked with aligning a rod to the gravity vertical within a square frame that was tilted at 18Âř. The results showed significantly larger rod deviations from the verticality in the 3D RFT. 3D and 2D RFT errors significantly correlated but shared a small amount of common variance ( r 2 = 0.35). In addition, left-right tilt asymmetry changes from one device to another. These results suggest that the mechanical 3D RFT for verticality perception remains a more robust test for identifying the subject’s perceptual style.

An Entry in the Great Frame-Tilt Judging Contest

1981 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Goodenough
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Frame Tilt ◽  
Dependence Theory ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

Some important questions about discrepancies between observer-perceived and investigator-defined direction of frame tilt are raised by Fine in his recent note on procedures used in the rod-and-frame test of field dependence. The practical and conceptual implications of these discrepancies are discussed in the present article in the context of Witkin's field-dependence theory and of recent findings on the nature of the rod-and-frame illusion.

Orientation Bias in the Rod-and-Frame Test

1977 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 891-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Pitblado
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Diagnostic Significance ◽  
Frame Tilt ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame ◽  
Orientation Bias

Rod-and-frame data for a sample of 21 males and 25 females showed marked asymmetries in the magnitudes of the frame effects for left and right frame-tilt. These asymmetries are interpreted as an underlying tendency for individuals to set the rod systematically clockwise or counterclockwise of true vertical, independently of the influence of the visible frame, and the term “orientation bias” is used to describe this tendency. 14 males and 14 females demonstrated orientation biases significantly different from zero. In group comparisons males differed significantly from females, the mean bias for males as a group lying significantly left (counterclockwise) of vertical while the mean for females as a group did not differ from zero. Implications for conventional measures of field dependence are discussed. Possible diagnostic significance of orientation performance for brain injury is also considered, and an unusual individual performance is described.

Spanish Children's Scores on Children's Embedded Figures and Rod and Frame Tests

1993 ◽  
Vol 76 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1259-1263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Antonio Amador-Campos ◽  
Teresa Kirchner-Nebot
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Measure Field ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

The Children's Embedded Figures Test and the Rod and Frame Test were administered to 179 boys and 110 girls of an average age of 9.03 years to measure field dependence-independence. No significant gender-related differences were found on either test. Scores on these tests were moderately and significantly correlated.

Perceptual and Interpersonal Measures of Field Dependence

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe B. Alexander ◽  
Howard E. Gudeman
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Specific Relationship ◽  
Measures Of Dependence ◽  
Dependence Measures ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Larger Sample ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

This study was concerned with the relationship between perceptual and interpersonal measures of dependence for a sample of 60 male Ss. Four groups of alcoholics, one group of hospitalized psychiatric patients, and a group of normals were compared on the Rod and Frame Test and three laboratory interpersonal tasks to evaluate the hypothesis that perceptual and interpersonal dependence measures are significantly related. The results only partially confirmed the hypothesis. The over-all correlation was significant, as was the over-all correlation for four groups of alcoholics. Only two of the six subgroup correlations, however, were significant. These results suggest the need for further study, using larger sample sizes, to determine the specific relationship of the two variables.

Field Dependence among Male and Female Alcoholics: II. Norms for the Rod-and-Frame Test

1976 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
George R. Jacobson ◽  
Ann Van Dyke ◽  
Theodore G. Sternbach ◽  
Russell Brethauer
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Perceptual Style ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

402 males and 160 females hospitalized for treatment of alcoholism were tested in a standardized manner on the Rod-and-frame test as a means of supplementing an earlier report of normative data on perceptual style among male alcoholics. When their performance was contrasted with that of normal and psychiatric samples, alcoholics were clearly the most field dependent of all groups studied. Statistically significant sex differences justify the need for separate norms for males and females.

Validation of a Children's Group Embedded Figures Test

1977 ◽  
Vol 44 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1259-1263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlaine E. Lockheed ◽  
Abigail M. Harris ◽  
Meredith K. Stone ◽  
Mary Lee Fitzgerald
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
Fourth Grade ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Concurrent Validation ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Body Concept ◽  
Group Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

This paper describes the development and concurrent validation of a group-administered measure of field dependence for children. Subjects were 34 girls and 39 boys in the fourth-grade, and 35 girls and 40 boys in the fifth-grade. This measure was correlated with the Articulation of Body Concept measure for fourth-grade girls ( r = —.42) and boys ( r = —.59), and for fifth-grade girls ( r = —.64) and boys ( r = —.46). It was also correlated with scores on the Portable Rod-and-Frame Test for girls ( r = —.51) and boys ( r = —.39) at the fourth-grade.

Selected Perceptual and Personality Variables Related to Orientation to Clothing

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 843-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne P. Kernaleguen
Keyword(s):  
Field Dependence ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Personality Variables ◽  
Reward Seeking ◽  
Body Boundary ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

56 college Ss were classified into 4 groups on the basis of sex and extreme scores in field dependence. They were compared on performance and directionality of error on the Rod-and-frame Test; 2 measures of body boundary, namely, barrier and penetration; masculinity—feminity; psychological security and 2 orientations to clothing. Significant main effects of sex were discerned for field dependence and penetration while significance was approached for both a reward-seeking orientation to clothing and barrier. There was a significant effect of field dependence on directionality of error on the Rod-and-frame Test. A reward-seeking orientation did not correlate with field dependence; however, seeking rewards covaried with barrier for both men and women. There was an association between a reward-seeking and dressing-to-be-different-from-others orientation to clothing.

Assessment of Field Dependence in Young Children

1978 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideo Kojima
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Scoring Method ◽  
Correlation Pattern ◽  
Spatial Concept ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Measuring Field ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

In a series of exploratory studies to develop instruments for measuring field dependence in young children, a total of 312 Japanese middle-class children, ages 5 to 6, served as subjects. Without changing the essential nature of the original test, the geometric Embedded-figures test attained relatively high internal consistency (KR-20 in the .80's) and stability ( R = .83 to .52, at intervals of 1.5 to 13 mo.). Correlation pattern between the Embedded Figures Test and Wechsler subscales similar to that of older subjects was influenced by the speed factor in embedded figures and Wechsler performance scales. Correlation between Kato's portable Rod-and-frame test and embedded figures was significant only in boys. In addition, the correlation pattern between the rod and frame and the preschool Wechsler was not consistent with Witkin's conceptualization. A newly developed darkroom Rod-and-Frame Test correlated with embedded figures for both sexes. Additional analyses indicated the need for more refined instructions to subjects regarding the concept of upright. Some children had more than one anchoring point for responding. Nyborg's scoring method and the relationship of Piagetian spatial concept to rod-and-frame performance are discussed.

Field-Dependence, Neuroticism, and Extraversion

1974 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 589-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Sell ◽  
Jane Johnson Duckworth
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Personality Inventory ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Optimal Weights ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

A multiple regression analysis was used to predict Maudsley Personality Inventory extraversion scores from the rod-and-frame test, embedded-figures test, and Maudsley neuroticism scores of 66 undergraduate males. The results indicated that optimal weights of the neuroticism, embedded-figures, and rod-and-frame test upright scores contributed to prediction.

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