Metamemory for Prospective Memory Performance in Younger and Older Adults: Does the Reference Point Affect our Judgments?

The present study investigated age differences in the ability to predict prospective memory (PM) performance. A sample of younger (N = 88) and older (N = 88) participants completed an event-based PM task embedded in an ongoing task. Metamemory was measured by asking participants to predict their performance before completing the PM task and complete some questionnaires on self-perceptions of everyday memory ability. We manipulated A) the reference point used to evaluate performance and B) the order of presentation of the instruments. One group of participants predicted their upcoming performance with a general confidence rating (performance condition) whereas a different group predicted their performance in comparison to other people of their age (peers condition). The metamemory questionnaires were completed either at the beginning of the experimental session or after the PM task, in a counterbalanced order. In terms of performance, we did not observe age differences in PM. In terms of metamemory, younger and older participants were similarly underconfident in the performance condition and overconfident in the peers condition. Moreover, older adults reported significantly better PM abilities than younger adults, and participants generally reported more memory failures when the metamemory questionnaires were administered after the PM task and in the performance condition. These findings show that both younger and older adults have limited metacognitive insights, and point to reactive effects of metamemory to metacognitive reference point and order of administration of the instruments.

Explanation of Ancestry Estimation in Forensic Anthropology Textbooks

The way we teach about race and racism can have profound impacts on undergraduate learners, both positive and negative. Textbooks represent a space in which hidden curriculum about race can cement misconceptions and biologically essentialist thinking, leading to the ongoing support of practices that harm racially minoritized populations. In this study, I critically examine five popular introductory level, undergraduate, forensic anthropology textbooks, with attention to chapters on ancestry estimation, and offer recommendations for supplementary or alternative content. Specific coverage of core concepts related to race and ancestry estimation practices in forensic anthropology are evaluated, as well as the order of presentation and consistency of key messages. Though each chapter focuses on distinct examples and approaches, none cover all of the concepts or present a consistent message about ancestry estimation as it pertains to the biological race concept. In particular, messaging within each chapter demonstrates some ambiguity in the distinction between race and ancestry, while also presenting a narrative through which racial typology practices are delineated as “in the past” and distinct from current ancestry estimation practices. These results demonstrate a need, at the undergraduate level, for a more explicit discussion of the biological race myth in lieu of traditional approaches that focus on demonstrating the practicality and validity of such methods. Finally, detailed presentations of ancestry estimation

Elements of digitalization in organization of traceability of poultry processing products

The paper provides data on the systematization of poultry processing products, highlighting the basic and specific principles of assigning products to homogeneous species and groups. The performed analysis made it possible to assign a digital or letter designation to each product classification feature. In the course of the research, the order of presentation of information about the properties of products was determined when compiling the name of the product, as well as in the composition of the alphanumeric code. Schemes for drawing up alphanumeric codes for general food products – slaughter products and processed products of poultry slaughter products – have been developed and presented.

A bias generating temporal distortions in serial perception

A precise estimation of event timing is essential for survival. Yet, temporal distortions are ubiquitous in our daily sensory experience. A specific type of temporal distortion is the time order error (TOE), which occurs when estimating the duration of events organized in a series. TOEs shrink or dilate objective event duration. Understanding the mechanics of subjective time distortions is fundamental since we perceive events in a series, not in isolation. In previous work, we showed that TOEs appear when discriminating small duration differences (20 or 60 ms) between two short events (Standard, S and Comparison, C), but only if the interval between events is shorter than 1 second. TOEs have been variously attributed to sensory desensitization, reduced temporal attention, poor sensory weighting of C relative to S, or idiosyncratic response bias. Surprisingly, the serial dynamics of relative event duration were never considered as a factor generating TOEs. In two experiments we tested them by swapping the order of presentation of S and C. Bayesian hierarchical modelling showed that TOEs emerge when the first event in a series is shorter than the second event, independently of event type (S or C), sensory precision or individual response bias. Participants disproportionately expanded first-position shorter events. Significantly fewer errors were made when the first event was objectively longer, confirming the inference of a strong bias in perceiving ordered event durations. Our finding identifies a hitherto unknown duration-dependent encoding inefficiency in human serial perception.

A Hypothesis: The Interplay of Exercise and Physiological Heterogeneity as Drivers of Human Ageing

As the inherent ageing process affects every facet of biology, physiology could be considered as the study of the healthy human ageing process. Where biological health is affected by lifestyle, the continual and continuing interaction of this process with physical activity and other lifestyle choices determine whether the ageing trajectory is toward health or disease. The presentation of both these states is further modified in individuals by the interaction of inherent physiological heterogeneity and the heterogeneity associated with responses and adaptions to exercise. The range of heterogeneity in healthy physiology is circumscribed by the necessity to conform to that of the human species. Our hypothesis is that, when sufficient exercise is present, these multiple interactions appear to produce an ageing profile that, while functional ability is in decline, remains synchronous, coherent, and integrated throughout most of life. In the absence of sufficient physical activity, physiology over time is gradually deteriorating toward the production of a lifestyle disease. Here, the ageing process, interacting with individual physiological heterogeneity, probably determines the age of presentation of a disease as well as the order of presentation of subsequent diseases. In this article, we discuss this hypothesis and related concepts in the context of the trajectory of healthy and non-healthy human ageing.

Aphasia assessment: impact of material on naming performance

ABSTRACT Background: Naming and lexical retrieval difficulties are common symptoms of aphasia. Naming abilities are usually evaluated by means of real objects or pictures or line drawings that are printed. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the ability to name objects among individuals with aphasia is influenced by the dimensions of the visual stimuli and to understand whether the order of presentation of the stimuli, number of years of education and length of time post-onset are involved in the success of naming. Methods: The naming abilities of healthy controls and patients with acute or chronic aphasia due to stroke were assessed through presentation of two sets of 24 stimuli consisting of real objects and color photographs of the same objects presented on a screen. The results obtained under these two conditions were compared by means of within-subject paired ANOVA, controlling for presentation order. Results: 40 patients (62.4 ± 17.3 years old; 70% females; mean education level of 8.5 ± 5.3 years; and 60% evaluated within the first eight days after stroke) and 50 controls that were age, gender and education-matched were included. Object naming was significantly better than naming color photographs among the patients (p = 0.001), but no differences were observed among the controls. Age, education, length of time post-onset and presentation sequence did not have any impact on naming performance. Conclusion: These results suggest that use of digital color photographs for naming objects in assessment of aphasia may be associated with lower naming performance, compared with use of real objects. This needs to be taken into account when different forms of stimuli are presented in sequential aphasia evaluations.

The Da’wah Messages as the Spiritual Marketing Approach of Islamic Fashion E-Commerce at HIJUP.COM

Indonesian Muslim consumers are looking for functional and emotional benefits in products and seeking spiritual blessings. This trend is a challenge for Islamic fashion e-commerce in promoting its products. This study uses a qualitative approach with the type of single case study research methods. The subject of this research is Islamic fashion e-commerce HIJUP.com. Researchers selected informants in the study using purposive sampling and snowball sampling techniques. Researchers used two analysis methods in case of breakdowns: an analysis based on theoretical propositions and developing case descriptions. The study results show that in Islamic fashion e-commerce, HIJUP.com contains the contents of da’wah messages, precisely, Look Good, Feel Good, Do Good. The da’wah message includes a philosophy that leads to obedience to Allah SWT concept. The message structure uses conclusion drawing and order of presentation. The message display in HIJUP.com is high-tech but straightforward techniques. The message format is unique, with interests in story or narrative and visual elements. The source of the message uses brand ambassadors, influencer marketing, and also buzzers. The study concludes that the da’wah message conveyed by Islamic fashion e-commerce includes aqidah, sharia, and morals that focus on obedience to Allah SWT, not in the preaching style while inspiring to empower Muslim women.

Multi-Session Influence of Two Modalities of Feedback and Their Order of Presentation on MI-BCI User Training

By performing motor-imagery tasks, for example, imagining hand movements, Motor-Imagery based Brain-Computer Interfaces (MI-BCIs) users can control digital technologies, for example, neuroprosthesis, using their brain activity only. MI-BCI users need to train, usually using a unimodal visual feedback, to produce brain activity patterns that are recognizable by the system. The literature indicates that multimodal vibrotactile and visual feedback is more effective than unimodal visual feedback, at least for short term training. However, the multi-session influence of such multimodal feedback on MI-BCI user training remained unknown, so did the influence of the order of presentation of the feedback modalities. In our experiment, 16 participants trained to control a MI-BCI during five sessions with a realistic visual feedback and five others with both a realistic visual feedback and a vibrotactile one. training benefits from a multimodal feedback, in terms of performances and self-reported mindfulness. There is also a significant influence of the order presentation of the modality. Participants who started training with a visual feedback had higher performances than those who started training with a multimodal feedback. We recommend taking into account the order of presentation for future experiments assessing the influence of several modalities of feedback.

Question Order Effects in Cross-Cultural Web Probing: Pretesting Behavior and Attitude Questions

Cognitive pretesting is an essential method of piloting questionnaires and ensuring quality of survey data. Web probing has emerged as an innovative method of cognitive pretesting, especially for cross-cultural and web surveys. The order of presenting questions in cognitive pretesting can differ from the order of presentation in the later survey. Yet empirical evidence is missing whether the order of presenting survey questions influences the answers to open-ended probing questions. The present study examines the effect of question order on web probing in the United States and Germany. Results indicate that probe responses are not strongly impacted by question order. However, both content and consistency of probe responses may differ cross-culturally. Implications for cognitive pretesting are discussed.