Effect of a Time-Slowing Suggestion on Performance Accuracy on a Perceptual Motor Task

1980 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Baer
Keyword(s):  
Motor Task ◽  
Initial Presentation ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Performance Accuracy ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Withdrawal Design ◽  
Subjective Reports ◽  
Female Subjects

Three female subjects were hypnotized and played a video-tennis game under alternating control and experimental conditions in a within-subjects ABABAB withdrawal design. During control phases, subjects played the game under conditions of hypnotic relaxation. Prior to experimental phases a suggestion for subjective time-slowing, and ball-slowing, was presented. The initial presentation of the time-slowing suggestion did not result in improved performance accuracy However, for all subjects, the second and third presentation of the suggestion resulted in significantly more longer volleys during experimental periods as compared to control periods. Possible explanations of the processes underlying improved performance accuracy are discussed in light of the subjective reports of the participants.

Discounting Time and Time Discounting: Subjective Time Perception and Intertemporal Preferences

2009 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gal Zauberman ◽  
B. Kyu Kim ◽  
Selin A. Malkoc ◽  
James R. Bettman
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Hyperbolic Discounting ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Subjective Perceptions ◽  
Objective Time ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Intertemporal Preferences ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Within Subjects

Consumers often make decisions about outcomes and events that occur over time. This research examines consumers' sensitivity to the prospective duration relevant to their decisions and the implications of such sensitivity for intertemporal trade-offs, especially the degree of present bias (i.e., hyperbolic discounting). The authors show that participants' subjective perceptions of prospective duration are not sufficiently sensitive to changes in objective duration and are nonlinear and concave in objective time, consistent with psychophysical principles. More important, this lack of sensitivity can explain hyperbolic discounting. The results replicate standard hyperbolic discounting effects with respect to objective time but show a relatively constant rate of discounting with respect to subjective time perceptions. The results are replicated between subjects (Experiment 1) and within subjects (Experiments 2), with multiple time horizons and multiple descriptors, and with different measurement orders. Furthermore, the authors show that when duration is primed, subjective time perception is altered (Experiment 4) and hyperbolic discounting is reduced (Experiment 3).

Saccades and Subjective Time in Seconds Range Duration Reproduction

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor B. Penney ◽  
Xiaoqin Cheng ◽  
Yan Ling Leow ◽  
Audrey Wei Ying Bay ◽  
Esther Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Covert Attention ◽  
Visual Modality ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Auditory Modality ◽  
Attention Shift ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Perceptual Stability ◽  
Time Distortion

A transient suppression of visual perception during saccades ensures perceptual stability. In two experiments, we examined whether saccades affect time perception of visual and auditory stimuli in the seconds range. Specifically, participants completed a duration reproduction task in which they memorized the duration of a 6 s timing signal during the training phase and later reproduced that duration during the test phase. Four experimental conditions differed in saccade requirements and the presence or absence of a secondary discrimination task during the test phase. For both visual and auditory timing signals, participants reproduced longer durations when the secondary discrimination task required saccades to be made (i.e., overt attention shift) during reproduction as compared to when the discrimination task merely required fixation at screen center. Moreover, greater total saccade duration in a trial resulted in greater time distortion. However, in the visual modality, requiring participants to covertly shift attention (i.e., no saccade) to complete the discrimination task increased reproduced duration as much as making a saccade, whereas in the auditory modality making a saccade increased reproduced duration more than making a covert attention shift. In addition, we examined microsaccades in the conditions that did not require full saccades for both the visual and auditory experiments. Greater total microsaccade duration in a trial resulted in greater time distortion in both modalities. Taken together, the experiments suggest that saccades and microsaccades affect seconds range visual and auditory interval timing via attention and saccadic suppression mechanisms.

scholarly journals Performance, Movement, Posture, and Perceived Discomfort in Active vs. Static Seating

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 1154-1158
Author(s):  
Jeremy D. Faulk ◽  
Cameron C. McKee ◽  
Heather Bazille ◽  
Michael Brigham ◽  
Jasmine Daniel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Trunk Movement ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Static Conditions

Active seating designs may enable users to move more frequently, thereby decreasing physiological risks associated with a sedentary lifestyle. In this preliminary study, two active seating designs (QOR360, Ariel; QOR360, Newton) were compared to a static chair (Herman Miller, Aeron) to understand how active vs. static seating may affect task performance, movement, posture, and perceived discomfort. This within-subjects experiment involved n = 11 student participants who sat upon each of the three chairs for 20 minutes while performing a series of computer-based tasks. Participants showed increased trunk movement while also reporting higher levels of perceived discomfort in the two active chair conditions. There was no significant difference in either posture or fine motor task performance between the active and static conditions. Future research may benefit from additional physiological measurements along with a wider variety of tasks that require seated users to make postural adjustments.

Interaction Between Finger Opposition Movements and Aftereffects of 1Hz-rTMS on Ipsilateral Motor Cortex

2009 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 1690-1694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Avanzino ◽  
Marco Bove ◽  
Andrea Tacchino ◽  
Carlo Trompetto ◽  
Carla Ogliastro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Voluntary Movement ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
The Other ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Opposition Movements

One-hertz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (1Hz-rTMS) over ipsilateral motor cortex is able to modify up to 30 min the motor performance of repetitive finger opposition movements paced with a metronome at 2 Hz. We investigated whether the long-lasting rTMS effect on motor behavior can be modulated by subsequent engagement of the contralateral sensorimotor system. Motor task was performed in different experimental conditions: immediately after rTMS, 30 min after rTMS, or when real rTMS was substituted with sham rTMS. Subjects performing the motor task immediately after rTMS showed modifications in motor behavior ≤30 min after rTMS. On the other hand, when real rTMS was substituted with sham stimulation or when subjects performed the motor task 30 min after the rTMS session, the effect was no longer present. These findings suggest that the combination of ipsilateral 1Hz-rTMS and voluntary movement is crucial to endure the effect of rTMS on the movement itself, probably acting on synaptic plasticity-like mechanism. This finding might provide some useful hints for neurorehabilitation protocols.

scholarly journals Reliability of salivary testosterone measurements: a multicenter evaluation

1995 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 1581-1584 ◽  
Author(s):  
J M Dabbs ◽  
B C Campbell ◽  
B A Gladue ◽  
A R Midgley ◽  
M A Navarro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Salivary Testosterone ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Individual Scores ◽  
Z Transformation ◽  
Female Subjects ◽  
Best Estimates

Abstract The reliability of salivary testosterone assays was evaluated by nine laboratories in four countries. Each laboratory used its own RIA procedures to assay samples from a set of 100 male and 100 female subjects. Agreement among the laboratories on mean scores was within the range reported by Read (Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993; 694: 161-76). Overall agreement on individual scores, as indicated by the intraclass correlation coefficient computed within subjects across laboratories, was r = 0.87 for men and r = 0.78 for women. Mean agreement between each laboratory and the combined set of all other laboratories (via Fisher's Z-transformation) was r = 0.61 for men and r = 0.58 for women. We take these latter values to be the best estimates of the average reliability of laboratories in their ordering of individual samples.

scholarly journals Neural mechanisms of self-affirmation’s stress buffering effects

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 1086-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janine M Dutcher ◽  
Naomi I Eisenberger ◽  
Hayoung Woo ◽  
William M P Klein ◽  
Peter R Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Stress Buffering ◽  
Prefrontal Cortical ◽  
Stress Task ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Cortical Regions

Abstract Self-affirmation can buffer stress responses across different contexts, yet the neural mechanisms for these effects are unknown. Self-affirmation has been shown to increase activity in reward-related neural regions, including the ventral striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC). Given that reward-related prefrontal cortical regions such as the VMPFC are involved in reducing neurobiological and behavioral responses to stress, we hypothesized that self-affirmation would activate VMPFC and also reduce neural responses to stress in key neural threat system regions such as the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and anterior insula (AI). We explored this hypothesis using self-affirmation and evaluative stress tasks following a within-subjects design in the fMRI scanner. Consistent with prior work, self-affirmation blocks led to lower self-reported stress and improved performance. With respect to neural activity, compared to control blocks, self-affirmation blocks led to greater VMPFC activity, and subsequently less left AI (but not dACC) activity during stress task blocks. Functional connectivity analyses revealed greater connectivity between the VMPFC and left and right AI during self-affirmation compared to control. These findings begin to articulate the neural circuits involved in self-affirmation’s effects during exposure to stressors, and more broadly specify neural reward-based responses to stressful situations.

Time Estimation: Effects of Cognitive Task, Presentation Rate, and Delay

1996 ◽  
Vol 83 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1387-1394 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Vitulli ◽  
Heather A. Shepard
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Presentation Rate ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Allocation Model ◽  
Mixed Analysis ◽  
Within Subjects

The variables of which subjective time is a function extend throughout a myriad of “people, places, and things.” This study measured subjective estimations of time as a function of complexity of cognitive task including arithmetic and recall (within subjects), the rate of stimulus (digit span) information (between subjects), and the delay between stimulus presentation and estimations of time (between subjects). A mixed analysis of variance 2 × 2 × 3 (repeated-measures) factorial design showed that retrospective time estimations were significantly different as a function of the main effects of rate of digit presentation and delay. Men and women showed no differences with no significant interactions so their data were pooled. Quotient values for ratios of delayed versus immediate estimates and slow versus fast rates showed overestimates of “real time.” Explanations based on the “storage-size model,” the “attention-allocation” model, and comparisons with Pedri and Hesketh's 1993 data are discussed.

Effect of Adding Cognitively Demanding Tasks on Soccer Skill Performance

1992 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 955-961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Smith ◽  
Craig J. Chamberlin
Keyword(s):  
Motor Task ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Secondary Tasks ◽  
Soccer Ball ◽  
Geometric Shapes ◽  
Functional Interference ◽  
Skill Performance ◽  
Dual Task Performance ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Positive Effect

The effect of adding cognitively demanding elements to the performance of a real-world motor task in which functional interference among the elements in performance existed was investigated across level of expertise. The primary task involved running as quickly as possible through a 15.25-m slalom course. Two secondary tasks were used, dribbling of a soccer ball and identification of geometric shapes projected on a screen located at the end of the slalom course. 4 novice, 5 intermediate, and 5 expert female soccer players served as subjects and performed three trials each of three experimental conditions: running through the slalom course, running through the slalom course while dribbling a soccer ball, and running through the slalom course while dribbling a soccer ball and identifying geometric shapes. Analysis of variance using a 3 (experimental condition) × 3 (level of expertise) design gave significant main effects and a significant interaction. The latter indicated that, although the addition of cognitively demanding elements caused a decrement in performance, the amount of decrement decreased as level of expertise increased. It was concluded that structural interference between elements of performance decreased the positive effect of automation of one element on dual task performance.

Concrete and Abstract Terms and Relations in Testing a Rule

1974 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Gilhooly ◽  
W. A. Falconer
Keyword(s):  
Abstract Form ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Main Factor

Subjects have more difficulty in correctly testing a conditional rule stated in abstract form than the same rule given in “thematic” form. The “thematic” form of the rule involves both concrete terms and a concrete relation. Four experimental conditions were formed by combining concrete abstract terms and relations. Fifty subjects were tested in each condition. The results indicated that concrete-ness of the terms is the main factor leading to improved performance with “thematic” as against abstract material in the rule testing task.

THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL INTAKE AND INDUCED FRUSTRATION UPON ART VANDALISM

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anki Nordmarker ◽  
Torsten Norlander ◽  
Trevor Archer
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Adam And Eve ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Alcohol Alcohol ◽  
Frustration Effects ◽  
Female Subjects

This study was designed to examine the interactive effects between alcohol-intake and frustration effects upon art vandalism. 100 subjects, 50 men and 50 women, were randomly assigned to five experimental conditions (Control, Alcohol, Alcohol+Frustration, Frustration and Placebo) with 10 men and 10 women in each group. Subjects were provided with the opportunity to scrawl on a picture of Adam and Eve (the AET test). AET was evaluated also on levels of “destruction”, “aggression” and “sexuality”. The results indicated that alcohol alone did not increase the degree of vandalism, but that there was a significant increase in scores of scrawlinggraffiti under the influence of alcohol+frustration. Female subjects performed graffiti-scrawling to a significantly greater extent than did male subjects in all five groups.

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