Concrete and Abstract Terms and Relations in Testing a Rule

1974 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Gilhooly ◽  
W. A. Falconer
Keyword(s):  
Abstract Form ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Main Factor

Subjects have more difficulty in correctly testing a conditional rule stated in abstract form than the same rule given in “thematic” form. The “thematic” form of the rule involves both concrete terms and a concrete relation. Four experimental conditions were formed by combining concrete abstract terms and relations. Fifty subjects were tested in each condition. The results indicated that concrete-ness of the terms is the main factor leading to improved performance with “thematic” as against abstract material in the rule testing task.

scholarly journals Modeling optimal solutions with the use of heat technologies based on graph theory

2018 ◽  
Vol 193 ◽  
pp. 03002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalya Trukhina ◽  
Ella Okolelova
Keyword(s):  
Graph Theory ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Optimal Solutions ◽  
Graphical Modeling ◽  
Construction Company ◽  
Construction Enterprises ◽  
Construction Companies ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Main Factor

The article describes the types of energy efficient technologies focused on energy saving. The presented technologies have significantly improved performance, while the disadvantage is high cost, which is the main factor preventing the introduction of energy saving technologies in construction. In this regard, solve the problem of optimizing the choice of the possible heat saving technologies of construction enterprises based on their financial and production capabilities based on graph theory. As a result, identify the technology yielding the greatest effect at minimum cost. The decision process is formalized as a graphical structure. In this case, the problem of finding the optimal solutions solved in graph theory. Graphical modeling of the structure of relations allows to visualize and organize variants of the consistent use of energy-saving technologies construction companies. On the basis of the construction of adjacency matrices organization of construction production is planned based on the use of energy-saving technologies determines the best combination of the ability of the construction company and the effectiveness to the execution of the technology.

scholarly journals Model analysis of the relationship between intracellular Po2 and energy demand in skeletal muscle

2012 ◽  
Vol 303 (11) ◽  
pp. R1110-R1126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Spires ◽  
L. Bruce Gladden ◽  
Bruno Grassi ◽  
Gerald M. Saidel ◽  
Nicola Lai
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Permeability Surface ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Main Factor

On the basis of experimental studies, the intracellular O2 (iPo2)-work rate (WR) relationship in skeletal muscle is not unique. One study found that iPo2 reached a plateau at 60% of maximal WR, while another found that iPo2 decreased linearly at higher WR, inferring capillary permeability-surface area ( PS) and blood-tissue O2 gradient, respectively, as alternative dominant factors for determining O2 diffusion changes during exercise. This relationship is affected by several factors, including O2 delivery and oxidative and glycolytic capacities of the muscle. In this study, these factors are examined using a mechanistic, mathematical model to analyze experimental data from contracting skeletal muscle and predict the effects of muscle contraction on O2 transport, glycogenolysis, and iPo2. The model describes convection, O2 diffusion, and cellular metabolism, including anaerobic glycogenolysis. Consequently, the model simulates iPo2 in response to muscle contraction under a variety of experimental conditions. The model was validated by comparison of simulations of O2 uptake with corresponding experimental responses of electrically stimulated canine muscle under different O2 content, blood flow, and contraction intensities. The model allows hypothetical variation of PS, glycogenolytic capacity, and blood flow and predictions of the distinctive effects of these factors on the iPo2-contraction intensity relationship in canine muscle. Although PS is the main factor regulating O2 diffusion rate, model simulations indicate that PS and O2 gradient have essential roles, depending on the specific conditions. Furthermore, the model predicts that different convection and diffusion patterns and metabolic factors may be responsible for different iPo2-WR relationships in humans.

Effect of a Time-Slowing Suggestion on Performance Accuracy on a Perceptual Motor Task

1980 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Baer
Keyword(s):  
Motor Task ◽  
Initial Presentation ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Performance Accuracy ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Withdrawal Design ◽  
Subjective Reports ◽  
Female Subjects

Three female subjects were hypnotized and played a video-tennis game under alternating control and experimental conditions in a within-subjects ABABAB withdrawal design. During control phases, subjects played the game under conditions of hypnotic relaxation. Prior to experimental phases a suggestion for subjective time-slowing, and ball-slowing, was presented. The initial presentation of the time-slowing suggestion did not result in improved performance accuracy However, for all subjects, the second and third presentation of the suggestion resulted in significantly more longer volleys during experimental periods as compared to control periods. Possible explanations of the processes underlying improved performance accuracy are discussed in light of the subjective reports of the participants.

scholarly journals Systematic protein complex profiling and differential analysis from co-fractionation mass spectrometry data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Fossati ◽  
Chen Li ◽  
Peter Sykacek ◽  
Moritz Heusel ◽  
Fabian Frommelt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Protein Quantification ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Data ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Differential Analysis ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Novel Protein

AbstractProtein complexes, macro-molecular assemblies of two or more proteins, play vital roles in numerous cellular activities and collectively determine the cellular state. Despite the availability of a range of methods for analysing protein complexes, systematic analysis of complexes under multiple conditions has remained challenging. Approaches based on biochemical fractionation of intact, native complexes and correlation of protein profiles have shown promise, for instance in the combination of size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with accurate protein quantification by SWATH/DIA-MS. However, most approaches for interpreting co-fractionation datasets to yield complex composition, abundance and rearrangements between samples depend heavily on prior evidence. We introduce PCprophet, a computational framework to identify novel protein complexes from SEC-SWATH-MS data and to characterize their changes across different experimental conditions. We demonstrate accurate prediction of protein complexes (AUC >0.99 and accuracy around 97%) via five-fold cross-validation on SEC-SWATH-MS data, show improved performance over state-of-the-art approaches on multiple annotated co-fractionation datasets, and describe a Bayesian approach to analyse altered protein-protein interactions across conditions. PCprophet is a generic computational tool consisting of modules for data pre-processing, hypothesis generation, machine-learning prediction, post-prediction processing, and differential analysis. It can be applied to any co-fractionation MS dataset, independent of separation or quantitative LC-MS workflow employed, and to support the detection and quantitative tracking of novel protein complexes and their physiological dynamics.

scholarly journals The Role of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication in a Two-Person, Cooperative Manipulation Task

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarangi P. Parikh ◽  
Joel M. Esposito ◽  
Jeremy Searock
Keyword(s):  
Nonverbal Communication ◽  
Verbal Communication ◽  
Task Completion ◽  
Target Sequence ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Haptic Communication ◽  
Manipulation Task ◽  
Improved Performance

Motivated by the differences between human and robot teams, we investigated the role of verbal communication between human teammates as they work together to move a large object to a series of target locations. Only one member of the group was told the target sequence by the experimenters, while the second teammate had no target knowledge. The two experimental conditions we compared were haptic-verbal (teammates are allowed to talk) and haptic only (no talking allowed). The team’s trajectory was recorded and evaluated. In addition, participants completed a NASA TLX-style postexperimental survey which gauges workload along 6 different dimensions. In our initial experiment we found no significant difference in performance when verbal communication was added. In a follow-up experiment, using a different manipulation task, we did find that the addition of verbal communication significantly improved performance and reduced the perceived workload. In both experiments, for the haptic-only condition, we found that a remarkable number of groups independently improvised common haptic communication protocols (CHIPs). We speculate that such protocols can be substituted for verbal communication and that the performance difference between verbal and nonverbal communication may be related to how easy it is to distinguish the CHIPs from motions required for task completion.

scholarly journals Ultrasonic Vibration as a Primary Mixing Tool in Accelerating Aluminum–Copper Alloys Preparation from Their Pure Elements

Metals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 781
Author(s):  
Abdulsalam Muhrat ◽  
Hélder Puga ◽  
Joaquim Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasonic Vibration ◽  
Copper Alloys ◽  
Grain Refining ◽  
Alloying Element ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Melt Temperature ◽  
Cu Alloys ◽  
Aluminum Copper Alloys ◽  
Main Factor

In this study, ultrasonic vibration (USV) was evaluated in preparation of Al–8wt.%Cu alloys at a lab-scale. Moreover, the role of Ti–6Al–4V sonotrode erosion and its contribution in grain refining were analyzed. Based on the experimental conditions/parameters, it was found that the amount of impurities and the associated porosity were significantly reduced in USV treated alloys. Furthermore, USV reduced the time needed for dissolving the alloying element Cu, nevertheless, the best dissolving of Cu in this study was not possible without introducing further holding time. As a result of using a titanium-based sonotrode, a noticeable content of Ti was found in the ultrasonically treated alloys due to sonotrode erosion under USV. The dispersion of TiAl3 promoted, as a main factor, a grain refining effect at relatively constant and high melt temperature, other possible mechanisms of grain refining have been discussed.

scholarly journals Persistence of Bacteroides Species Populations in a River as Measured by Molecular and Culture Techniques

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (22) ◽  
pp. 7608-7616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisenda Ballesté ◽  
Anicet R. Blanch
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Do Concentration ◽  
Survival Patterns ◽  
Main Factor

ABSTRACT Given the interest in Bacteroides species as microbial source tracking (MST) markers, and the limited knowledge of the survival of Bacteroides species in the environment, here we examine the survival of Bacteroides fragilis, B. thetaiotaomicron, and environmental species of Bacteroides by use of culture techniques and molecular tools. Two kinds of experiments were performed: (i) on-site experiments, in which bacteria were exposed to changes in the levels of several environmental parameters in a river, and (ii) microcosm assays in the laboratory, with controlled temperatures. On-site experiments showed different survival patterns for the cultivable Bacteroides strains. B. fragilis die-off rate was strongly affected by the combined effect of high temperatures and grazing predators, which were more active under warmer conditions. However, the survival rates of cultivable B. thetaiotaomicron and environmental Bacteroides spp. were more affected by dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in water. Environmental Bacteroides strains survived longer than either type strain, due to better adaptation to environmental conditions. However, the period of their survival was shorter than that observed for fecal coliforms and enterococci, suggesting Bacteroides species as markers of recent fecal pollution. The total Bacteroides species were detected by molecular techniques throughout the experiment in winter, but they were detected on only two or three days in the summer. This indicates that temperature is the main factor affecting DNA degradation, regardless of species. The use of microcosms in the laboratory also pointed to temperature as the main factor affecting Bacteroides survival, regardless of species. However, the conditions in the laboratory may mask the effects of the environmental factors and their interactions. The observed variability in die-off rate as a function of the species analyzed, the experimental conditions, and the methodology used should be taken into consideration in future persistence studies.

scholarly journals Critical Repetition Rates for Perceptual Segregation of Time-Varying Auditory, Visual and Vibrotactile Stimulation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Carlos Jurado ◽  
Marcelo Larrea ◽  
David Rosero ◽  
Juan Vizuete ◽  
Torsten Marquardt
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Fluctuations ◽  
Perceptual Quality ◽  
Vibrotactile Stimulation ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Recovery Times ◽  
Distinctive Property ◽  
Hearing Range ◽  
Domain Similarity ◽  
Main Factor

Abstract What sound quality has led to exclude infrasound from sound in the conventional hearing range? We examined whether temporal segregation of pressure pulses is a distinctive property and evaluated this perceptual limit via an adaptive psychophysical procedure for pure tones and carriers of different envelopes. Further, to examine across-domain similarity and individual covariation of this limit, here called the critical segregation rate (CSR), it was also measured for various periodic visual and vibrotactile stimuli. Results showed that sequential auditory or vibrotactile stimuli separated by at least ~80‒90 ms (~11‒12-Hz repetition rates), will be perceived as perceptually segregated from one another. While this limit did not statistically differ between these two modalities, it was significantly lower than the ~150 ms necessary to perceptually segregate successive visual stimuli. For the three sensory modalities, stimulus periodicity was the main factor determining the CSR, which apparently reflects neural recovery times of the different sensory systems. Among all experimental conditions, significant within- and across-modality individual CSR correlations were observed, despite the visual CSR (mean: 6.8 Hz) being significantly lower than that of both other modalities. The auditory CSR was found to be significantly lower than the frequency above which sinusoids start to elicit a tonal quality (19 Hz; recently published for the same subjects). Returning to our initial question, the latter suggests that the cessation of tonal quality — not the segregation of pressure fluctuations — is the perceptual quality that has led to exclude infrasound (sound with frequencies < 20 Hz) from the conventional hearing range.

scholarly journals Factors affecting the formation of local lesions by tobacco mosaic virus

1936 ◽  
Vol 119 (815) ◽  
pp. 493-507 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Lesion Formation ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Local Lesions ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Main Factor

The increase in knowledge of the virus diseases of plants has led to the possibility of attempting an investigation of the nature of the virus agent itself. It has been proved that various plants, notably N. glutinosa , react to inoculation with the virus of tobacco mosaic by the formation of necrotic lesions on the rubbed leaves. It has been shown, further, that the number of lesions formed increases with the concentration of the virus up to a definite value, which varies with the experimental conditions (Caldwell, 1933). At high concentrations of the virus, there is apparently not a sufficient number of susceptible areas on the leaves to allow of reaction to all the virus units present, and the number of susceptible areas becomes the limiting factor in lesion formation. At lower con­centrations the number of virus units is the main factor involved. Youden, Beale, and Guthrie (1935) have recently published a paper in which they show that all the available data on the formation of lesions by different dilutions of virus, obtained by different workers, can be fitted to a curve with the formula y = N (1 - e -ax ).

Effects of Viscosity and Pressure on Microstructure and Properties of Cf/SiC-ZrB2 Composites by PIP Process

2016 ◽  
Vol 697 ◽  
pp. 506-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Jiang ◽  
Yan Yan Wang ◽  
Chang Ling Zhou ◽  
Han Li ◽  
Fang Hong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Vacuum Impregnation ◽  
Mixed Solution ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Rotational Viscometer ◽  
Material Density ◽  
Reasonable Solution ◽  
Preparation Period ◽  
Main Factor

In this paper, using PCS and ZrB2 precursor as raw materials, we prepared Cf/SiC-ZrB2 composites by precursor infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) process. We studied the solution of different solid content on the influence of porosity and weight gain，and also studied the effect of pressure and other conditions in the process of infiltration. The viscosity of the solution is tested with NDJ-8S digital rotational viscometer. We observed the microstructure of materials through the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The optimum technological parameter was determined by the experiment. The results showed that: a reasonable solution group in relation to the viscosity of the mixed solution，that is the main factor affecting on the performance of the impregnation; The method of vacuum and pressure impregnation can reduce the preparation period and improve material density rapidly. Under the experimental conditions, the best viscosity of the mixed solution is 54.8 mpa•s, the time of vacuum impregnation is 1.5h, and the optimum value of pressure impregnation is 7 MPa.

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