Social Visiting Preferences by Male Rats in an Open Field

1981 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 701-702
Author(s):  
David Fitzpatrick ◽  
Joyce M. Jones ◽  
C. M. Swyke
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Designs

Male rats in an open field prefer the presence of female rats to any other stimulus objects. Individual differences in preferences were quite prevalent, and it is suggested that the existence of such differences be considered in future research designs.

Effects of Neonatal Testosterone and Progesterone on Open-Field Behaviour in the RAT

1978 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Stevens ◽  
Ralph Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Adrenal Androgens ◽  
Postnatal Treatment ◽  
Oil Injection ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Field Behaviour ◽  
Open Field Behaviour

Rats treated on the day of birth with progesterone (50 üg) or testosterone pro-pionate (200 üg) or the oil injection vehicle alone were tested in the open-field on four consectuve days at 45 days and 85 days of age. Averages across treatments showed that females ambulated more and reared more than males at both ages, that they groomed more than males at 45 days of age, and defaecated less at 85 days of age. Progesterone treatment significantly reduced defaecation in males at 45 days of age, and reduced grooming in both sexes. At 85 days of age progesterone significantly increased activity in females. Testosterone-treated animals of both sexes groomed significantly less than same-sex controls at 45 days of age, whereas at 85 days of age activity scores were significantly reduced only in females although testosterone treated males were less active on 2 test days and more active on 1. Early postnatal treatment with progesterone appeared to feminise male rats, and testosterone to masculinise female rats. Both hormones also altered the behaviour of opposite sexed rats, indicating that male rats may be further masculinised by exogenous testosterone and female rats further feminised by progesterone. Progesterone may have acted as an anti-androgenic agent by blocking gonadal and adrenal androgens in males and adrenal androgens in females.

Childhood Visual Impairment: Perspectives on Research Design and Methodology

1978 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 404-411
Author(s):  
David H. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Visually Impaired ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Research Model ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Impaired Children ◽  
Visually Impaired Children ◽  
Oriented Research

Research methodology is discussed in the context of the nature of the knowledge that is needed about visually impaired children. Traditional “average-oriented” research designs are criticized, as are designs which compare visually impaired and sighted subjects. Emphasis is instead placed on multivariate designs, oriented to individual differences. A “hierarchical” research model is proposed for future research, involving integration of etiological, evaluative, and functional levels. Finally, the argument is made for the need for an intensive longitudinal developmental study of visually impaired children.

scholarly journals Participation of dopaminergic system in the dynamics of behavioral reactions of aging rats of both sexes under daily testing in the open field

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 06003
Author(s):  
Elena Birukova ◽  
Denis Khusainov ◽  
Andrew Chajka ◽  
Natalya Tribrat ◽  
Zera Dzhemalyadinova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Dopaminergic System ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Monoamine Oxidase B ◽  
Behavioral Reactions ◽  
Aging Rats ◽  
Motion Activity ◽  
Experiment Method

Under daily testing of aging rats of both sexes in the open field a slow lowering of motion activity is observed: by the 6th day of the experiment the passed distance of male rats reduces by 41% (р≤0.01), and of female rats – by 46% (р≤0.05) in comparison to the background values. The blockade of monoamine oxidase-B (МАО-В) by selegiline (intraperitoneal Introduction of 5 mg/kg one hour before testing) does not significantly change the orientation and intensity of this process, but probably contribute to the formation of a more comfortable psycho-emotional state of the animals. Consequently, the central dopamine cannot prevent from the motion activity lowering process of aging rats under daily testing, at least, in the frames of the experiment method used in this research. We obtained the evidence in favor of the fact that the suppression of the motion activity under daily testing is rather connected with the animals’ loss of motivation for research than with the growing anxiety.

scholarly journals ESTIMATION OF THE ANXIOLYTIC-LIKE EFFECT OF THE β-CARBOLINE ALKALOID HARMINE ON STRESSED PREGNANT RATS

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 166
Author(s):  
Rima Benatoui ◽  
Abdelmadjid Bairi ◽  
Abdelkrim Tahraoui
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Anxiolytic Effect ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Footshock Stress ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Light Dark Box

Objective: During the last decade, the role of the β-carboline alkaloid harmine has essentially been studied with regard to its anxiolytic effect, as it was done in our laboratory; therefore, this study has been progressed to cover the effect of this alkaloid on pregnant wistar rats.Methods: The molecule was used at doses of 10 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, pregnant female rats were divided into three groups according to the stage of pregnancy: first, second, and the third week of pregnancy. Each group has been subdivided into seven subgroups: control group, two treated groups with harmine, acute footshock stress at 1,2mA, sub-acute footshock stress at 0,4mA, psychological stress, and the treated group that footshocked after with 1,2mA, all groups were carried out open field test, plus maze test and light/dark box test.Results: Thigmotaxis is reflected by the significant increase in the traveled distance in peripheral area in the open field of the three groups ‘weeks’ at dose of 10 mg/kg, the enhancement in the number and time of rearing, at both doses, during the second and the last week, the significant increase in the number of entries ‘in open arms’ in plus-maze during the first and third weeks at 15 mg/kg, and the significant decreased in time spent in the light compartment of the light/dark box at the same dose of all groups ‘weeks’ were noticed, which confirm the anxiolytic effect of the alkaloid, even in the case of the footschock stressed pregnant rats of all groups ‘weeks’ that enhancement of number of enties into open arms during the plus maze test.Conclusion: So we can conclude that the anxiolytic effect of harmine not shortening to male rats, but expands to female pregnant wistar rats, and establishes its effect by diminishing time in light compartment of light/dark box and number of entries in open arms of plus maze, in other hand, the increase in the number and the time of rearing reflects the enhancement of exploratory behavior.

scholarly journals Dietary nutrients implicated in the etiopathogenesis of human and animal diseases

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sarah E. Hooper
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Nodular Goiter ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dietary Nutrients

Hyperthyroidism is a spontaneous disease that results in an abnormal elevation of circulating concentrations of one or more thyroid hormones. Despite being the most commonly diagnosed endocrine disorder of domestic cats, the etiopathogenesis remains unknown. My dissertation research sought to investigate whether the dietary nutrients selenium, water, and taurine cause an overstimulation of the thyroid gland and alter the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Because feline hyperthyroidism is clinically and pathologically similar to toxic nodular goiter or Plummer's disease, one of the most common types of hyperthyroidism in humans, I sought to determine if cats are a better animal model than rats for studying dietary causes of hyperthyroidism. To my knowledge, this is the first project to conduct simultaneous animal studies where two species are assessed for suitability as animal models for a human disease and concurrently conduct hypothesis-driven research on potential dietary etiologies of a disease that affects both the domestic feline population and humans. This unique experimental design provided strong support that cats are a better animal model of toxic multinodular goiter, because we were able to establish that cats have an individual set-point for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) which similar to humans. Additionally, we showed that there was a positive correlation with taurine consumption and circulating triiodothyronine (T3) in female rats but not male rats. Women are five to eight times more likely to suffer from a thyroid disease. Our findings indicate future research is needed to determine if supplemental taurine and consumption of high taurine diets predisposes women to thyroid gland disorders. Furthermore, in cats, consumption of water significantly altered the production of T3 and caused a 20% increase in activity level. Because consumption of canned cat food has been the only consistently identified risk factor in epidemiological studies, our results indicate future studies should focus on the relationship between water consumption and feline thyroid physiology.

Telepractice for Adult Speech-Language Pathology Services: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 326-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen Weidner ◽  
Joneen Lowman
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Primary Progressive Aphasia ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Service Delivery Model ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
Screening Assessment

Purpose We conducted a systematic review of the literature regarding adult telepractice services (screening, assessment, and treatment) from approximately 2014 to 2019. Method Thirty-one relevant studies were identified from a literature search, assessed for quality, and reported. Results Included studies illustrated feasibility, efficacy, diagnostic accuracy, and noninferiority of various speech-language pathology services across adult populations, including chronic aphasia, Parkinson's disease, dysphagia, and primary progressive aphasia. Technical aspects of the equipment and software used to deliver services were discussed. Some general themes were noted as areas for future research. Conclusion Overall, results of the review continue to support the use of telepractice as an appropriate service delivery model in speech-language pathology for adults. Strong research designs, including experimental control, across multiple well-described settings are still needed to definitively determine effectiveness of telepractice services.

INDUCTION OF GOITRE BY PTU OR KClO4 IN MALE AND FEMALE RATS. EFFECT OF GONADECTOMY

1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Jolín ◽  
M. J. Tarin ◽  
M. D. Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Content ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Disc Electrophoresis ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Tsh Levels

ABSTRACT Male and female rats of varying ages were placad on a low iodine diet (LID) plus KClO4 or 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) or on the same diet supplemented with I (control rats). Goitrogenesis was also induced with LID plus PTU in gonadectomized animals of both sexes. The weight of the control and goitrogen treated animals, and the weight and iodine content of their thyroids were determined, as well as the plasma PBI, TSH, insulin and glucose levels. The pituitary GH-like protein content was assessed by disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. If goitrogenesis was induced in young rats of both sexes starting with rats of the same age, body weight (B.W.) and pituitary growth hormone (GH) content, it was found that both the males and females developed goitres of the same size. On the contrary, when goitrogenesis was induced in adult animals, it was found that male rats, that had larger B.W. and pituitary GH content than age-paired females, developed larger goitres. However, both male and female rats were in a hypothyroid condition of comparable degree as judged by the thyroidal iodine content and the plasma PBI and TSH levels. When all the data on the PTU or KClO4-treated male and female rats of varying age and B.W. were considered together, it was observed that the weights of the thyroids increased proportionally to B.W. However, a difference in the slope of the regression of the thyroid weight over B.W. was found between male and female rats, due to the fact that adult male rats develop larger goitres than female animals. In addition, in the male rats treated with PTU, gonadectomy decreased the B.W., pituitary content of GH-like protein and, concomitantly, the size of the goitre decreased; an opposite effect was induced by ovariectomy on the female animals. However, when goitrogenesis was induced in weight-paired adult rats of both sexes, the male animals still developed larger goitres than the females. Among all the parameters studied here, the only ones which appeared to bear a consistent relationship with the size of the goitres in rats of different sexes, treated with a given goitrogen, were the rate of body growth and the amount of a pituitary GH-like protein found before the onset of the goitrogen treatment. Moreover, though the pituitary content of the GH-like protein decreased as a consequence of goitrogen treatment, it was still somewhat higher in male that in female animals. The present results suggest that GH may somehow be involved in the mechanism by which male and female rats on goitrogens develop goitres of different sizes, despite equally high plasma TSH levels.

OXYDATION DES ANABOLIKUMS 1-METHYL-ANDROST-1-EN-17β-OL-3-ON MIT WASSERSTOFFTRANSFER AUF ÖSTRON

1971 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Wenzel
Keyword(s):  
Rat Liver ◽  
Anabolic Steroid ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Liver Slices ◽  
Androgen Effects ◽  
Biochemical Difference

ABSTRACT With the aid of metenolon-17α-T a tritium-transfer to oestrone in rat liver slices was demonstrated. This tritium-transfer from metenolon17α-T to oestrone yielding tritium-labelled oestradiol had a higher efficiency in male than in female rat liver. Correspondingly in the presence of metenolon the relation of oestrone to oestradiol is changed more in male than in female rat liver. Looking for biochemical differences between the anabolic steroid metenolon and testosterone the oxydation at C17 was measured in different organs of the rat using 17α-T-labelled steroids. The highest oxydation rate was found for both steroids in the liver. In the sexual organs of male rats the oxydation rate of testosterone was 50–10 times higher than that of the anabolic steroid. This difference was less in sexual organs of female rats. This result of a greater biochemical difference between both steroids in males than in females leads to the question, whether the dissociation between the anabolic and the androgen effects is higher in males than in females.

The effect of dexamethasone on mucosal immunity of uterine tissue during pregnancy in rat

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-84
Keyword(s):  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Uterine Tissue ◽  
Leukocytic Infiltration

Disturbances in early pregnancy immunity affect embryo development, endometrial receptivity, placental development, fetal growth and lead to subfertility, dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid used for treatment of various complications. Immune cells and cytokines were examined during the early pregnancy in twenty-four female rats and six male rats for mating. Rats were grouped into two group control and dexamethasone treated by a dose of 50µgm/kgm body weight daily starting from one week before mating and persisted for one week after pregnancy. Blood samples were collected from each rat at 5hrs and at 1,3,7 day of pregnancy. Extracted RNA was subjected to real time PCR to determine mRNA levels for immune related genes interleukin1a(IL1A) and interleukin 10(IL10). Histopathological examination was done to uterus in order to detect leukocyte infiltration in uterine tissue. Results showed that significant increase in white blood cell count mainly eosinophil at 5hrs and lymphocyte at three and seven day of pregnancy of dexamethasone treated group. Moreover, TNF, C-reactive protein and progesterone were increased mainly at seven day of pregnancy of dexamethasone treated group. Similarly, interleukin 1alpha and interleukin 10 significantly increased at 5hrs and one day of pregnancy of dexamethasone treated group. In contrast, serum levels of total antioxidant capacity and estrogen were decreased significantly at 5hrs and seven day in dexamethasone treated group. Histopathological examination of uterus revealed leukocytic infiltration especially neutrophil and few eosinophils at five hours and one day of gestation then eosinophil become absent at 3day and seven day of dexamethasone group. Epithelial height and uterine gland diameter significantly increased at 5hrs, three day and seven days of gestation of dexamethasone treated group. The present investigation demonstrated that using of dexamethasone by dose of 50µgm/kgm during early pregnancy had a conflicting impact on some immune cytokines and parameters and may reflect a harmful response of immune system toward early period of pregnancy

Female rats display higher methamphetamine-primed reinstatement and c-Fos immunoreactivity than male rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 173089
Author(s):  
Steven T. Pittenger ◽  
Shinnyi Chou ◽  
Nathen J. Murawski ◽  
Scott T. Barrett ◽  
Olivia Loh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats
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