Generalization of Training Speaking Skills: The Role of Overt Activity, Feedback, and Child's Initial Level of Competence

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 963-978
Author(s):  
Luc Reid ◽  
Monique Lefebvre-Pinard ◽  
Adrien Pinard
Keyword(s):  
Initial Level ◽  
Feedback Condition ◽  
Referential Communication ◽  
Communication Behaviors ◽  
Passive Condition ◽  
Active Condition ◽  
Training Exercises ◽  
Transfer Tasks ◽  
Speaking Skills

72 children (mean age = 6–5) were assigned to 1 of 6 training conditions for speaking skills in a 2 (with or without feedback) × 3 (degree of overt activity) crossed design. Children in the active condition participated directly in three training exercises; each child in the passive condition observed the performance of the child in the active condition to whom he was matched; children in the active-passive condition received a combination of the two previous treatments. Children were given a pretest and immediate and delayed posttests, each of which was comprised of five tasks, four of which aimed at measuring possible transfer to other referential communication behaviors. Posttest evaluations showed that improvements in speaking behavior were related to the feedback condition, but not to the child's initial level of competence as assessed by global performance on the five pretest tasks. The reverse was true for the four transfer tasks. The amount of overt activity did not exert a significant effect on children's performance of any of the five tasks. Possible causes of the difficulty of obtaining transfer in training experiments are discussed.

The Role of The Students Association in The Promotion of Students' Speech Skills at The Khalid Bin Al Walid Institute at University of Muhammadiyah Mataram (ar)

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-72
Author(s):  
Erwin Erwin ◽  
Nasarudin Nasarudin ◽  
Husnan Husnan
Keyword(s):  
Student Organizations ◽  
Language Game ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
The Media ◽  
Role Based ◽  
The University ◽  
Good Deeds ◽  
Speaking Skills

The purpose of this research is to explain the importance of the student organizations and describe their efforts to improve the speaking skills of students at the Mahad Khalid Bin Al Waleed at the University of Muhammadiyah Mataram. This research uses the qualitative approach with the descriptive type. The result shows the student organizations play an important role based on their objectives and functions. The objectives are to help the foundation and all parties in the Ma'had develop the students’ potential and qualification, and to be the place for the students to share their problems and complaints, while the functions are as one of the media to develop students’ quality, both the members of the non-member, and as the good examples and pioneers of any good deeds. The efforts done by student organizations in improving speaking skills are such as by making activities that lead to improving students' speaking skills like sticking vocabularies in each class and Friday activities such as language game, Arabic debate and short lecture.

scholarly journals SIGNIFICASE AND ROLE OF TEACHING LISTENING AND SPEAKING SKILLS IN ENGLISH.

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (11) ◽  
pp. 105-107
Author(s):  
Nargiza Akhmadjonovna Abdullayeva ◽  
◽  
Mashxura Kobuljonovna Shoxidova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Listening And Speaking ◽  
Speaking Skills

scholarly journals Characteristics of physical preparedness of biathlons

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-12
Author(s):  
I.O. Asaulyuk ◽  
I.I. Buy
Keyword(s):  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Initial Level ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Foreign Literature ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Preparatory Period

Analysis of recent research and publications shows that in domestic and foreign literature are widely represented materials that represent the leading role of physical fitness of biathletes in achieving high sports results, as well as means and methods of its development. The article analyzes the importance of physical fitness in improving the efficiency of the training process of biathletes. Based on the literature, the most significant qualities for biathlon training were identified. The data of the authors are presented, in order to achieve a high sports result the leading role is played by physical fitness, the athlete's performance at the main competitions largely depends on what level of physical fitness he received in the preparatory period of the annual cycle. It is established that in biathlon special endurance occupies the main place in the system of preparation of athletes for participation in competitions. The main goal of the study was to assess the initial level of physical fitness of biathletes in the preparatory period of the annual cycle. Assessment of the level of physical fitness of the subjects was carried out on the sum of points obtained for 5 tests. It was determined that the studied biathletes corresponded to the level of physical fitness "Sufficient". Note that the strength indicators corresponded to the level of "Average", and were at a lower level than other physical qualities. The endurance indicators of the studied biathletes were at the level of "High".

scholarly journals Can inhibition or shifting training enhance cognitive abilities in emerging adults?

2021 ◽  
pp. 138-152
Author(s):  
Anja Podlesek ◽  
Marina Martinčević ◽  
Andrea Vranić
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Far Transfer ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Core Executive ◽  
Cognitive Activities ◽  
Transfer Tasks ◽  
Inhibition Training

Executive functions enable and support most of our daily cognitive functioning. Within the number of executive functions proposed, updating, inhibition and shifting are most often considered as the three core executive functions. Cognitive training paradigms provide a platform for a possible enhancement of these functions. Since updating training has been studied to a greater extent, we wanted to investigate the effectiveness of inhibition and shifting training in this study. Emerging adults (psychology students) were randomly assigned either to the inhibition training (based on the Simon task; n = 36) or to the shifting training (based on the task switching paradigm; n = 35). Both groups underwent twelve 20-minute sessions distributed over four weeks. Measurements before and after the training included criterion tasks (i.e. the training tasks), near-transfer tasks (i.e. tasks that address the trained functions but use different types of stimuli or rules to respond), and far-transfer tasks (i.e., tasks that address untrained cognitive functions). The control participants (n = 36) were tested with a combination of these tasks. Both training groups improved their criteria task performance over time, while convincing training-related gains were not found in either near- or far-transfer tasks. This study raises some conceptual questions for the training of executive functions with respect to a sample of emerging adults with above-average cognitive abilities, motivational elements of training, and the role of executive functions in more complex everyday cognitive activities.

The role of gesture in referential communication

2015 ◽  
pp. 105-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin Mai-Rong Ng ◽  
Özlem Ece Demir ◽  
Wing Chee So
Keyword(s):  
Referential Communication

Human Finger Independence: Limitations due to Passive Mechanical Coupling Versus Active Neuromuscular Control

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 2802-2810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine E. Lang ◽  
Marc H. Schieber
Keyword(s):  
Neuromuscular Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Passive Condition ◽  
Mechanical Coupling ◽  
Complete Independence ◽  
Active Condition ◽  
Middle Ring ◽  
Human Finger ◽  
Passive Movements ◽  
Flexion And Extension

We studied the extent to which mechanical coupling and neuromuscular control limit finger independence by studying passive and active individuated finger movements in healthy adults. For passive movements, subjects relaxed while each finger was rotated into flexion and extension by a custom-built device. For active movements, subjects moved each finger into flexion and extension while attempting to keep the other, noninstructed fingers still. Active movements were performed through approximately the same joint excursions and at approximately the same speeds as the passive movements. We quantified how mechanical coupling limited finger independence from the passive movements, and quantified how neuromuscular control limited finger independence using an analysis that subtracted the indices obtained in the passive condition from those obtained in the active condition. Finger independence was generally similar during passive and active movements, but showed a trend toward less independence in the middle, ring, and little fingers during active, large-arc movements. Mechanical coupling limited the independence of the index, middle, and ring fingers to the greatest degree, followed by the little finger, and placed only negligible limitations on the independence of the thumb. In contrast, neuromuscular control primarily limited the independence of the ring, and little fingers during large-arc movements, and had minimal effects on the other fingers, especially during small-arc movements. For the movement conditions tested here, mechanical coupling between the fingers appears to be a major factor limiting the complete independence of finger movement.

Maintenance of tone, role of arachidonate metabolites, and effects of sensitization in guinea pig trachea

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (8) ◽  
pp. 1096-1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mansour ◽  
E. E. Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Initial Level ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Active Tension ◽  
Tone Production ◽  
High Tension ◽  
Prostaglandin F ◽  
Arachidonate Metabolites ◽  
Low Tension

A study was made of the mechanisms underlying production of resting active tension in guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle and the changes with active sensitization to ovalbumin. The same types of tissues were also analyzed as to their responses to arachidonate. Responses for each tissue were expressed in relation to a scale between zero active tension and maximum active tension in response to carbachol. A variety of selective and nonselective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase or 5-lipoxygenase were shown to affect active tension in a manner consistent with the conclusion that a cyclooxygenase product, probably prostaglandin F(PGF2α) and not thromboxanes was chiefly responsible. The inhibition of active tension produced by cyclooxygenase inhibition was shown to be related to the initial active tension, such that tissues with greater resting active tension had greater reductions in tone. No differences of major importance were found as to the mechanisms underlying tone production in control and sensitized tissues. The tension changes in response to exogenous arachidonate were also found to be dependent on the initial level of active tension; when this was low, tension increased, when it was high, tension decreased or did not change. Effects of inhibitors on these responses were again consistent with the conclusion that primarily excitant prostaglandins, not thromboxanes, were produced. Some suggestive evidence for production of excitatory and inhibitory nonprostaglandin metabolites was obtained. No difference of major importance between control and sensitized tissues was observed in the magnitude or underlying mechanism of production of active tension.

Development of Active and Passive Fatigue Manipulations Using a Driving Simulator

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (18) ◽  
pp. 1237-1241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dyani J. Saxby ◽  
Gerald Matthews ◽  
Edward M. Hitchcock ◽  
Joel S. Warm
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Passive Control ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Subjective Response ◽  
Passive Condition ◽  
Full Control ◽  
Active Condition ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Simulated Wind

The present study investigates driving simulator methodologies for inducing qualitatively different patterns of subjective response. The study tested Desmond and Hancock's (2001) theory that there may be two types of fatigue: active and passive. 108 undergraduates participated. There were 3 conditions (active, passive, control) and 3 durations (10, 30, 50 minutes). The active condition used simulated wind gusts to increase the required number of steering and acceleration changes. The passive condition was fully automated. In the control condition, drivers were in full control of steering and acceleration. Task engagement (e.g., energy) was lowest in the passive fatigue condition, followed by the control and active conditions. Distress (e.g., negative mood) was found to be highest in the active fatigue condition. The time course of fatigue responses was also determined. The results suggest methods for developing manipulations to determine the impact of fatigue on performance.

A Comparison of Observer and Incumbent Ratings of Situation Awareness

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 548-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Matthews ◽  
Silas G. Martinez ◽  
Jarle Eid ◽  
Bjorn Helge Johnsen ◽  
Ole Christian Boe
Keyword(s):  
Performance Measures ◽  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Small Unit ◽  
Behavioral Rating ◽  
Training Exercises

The Situation Awareness Behavioral Rating Scale (SABARS) utilizes ratings by expert observer/controllers (O/Cs) to evaluate situation awareness (SA) of infantry small unit leaders. Previous research (Matthews et al., 2004) showed SABARS to be predictive of a variety of performance measures. The current study explored the question of whether small unit leaders could use SABARS to accurately rate their own behavior as an index of their SA. To evaluate this question, 12 Norwegian Army and Navy Academy cadets participating in the role of squad leader during summer training exercises were given the SABARS to complete following an infantry mission. An experienced officer O/C observed the cadets though the execution of the mission and also provided SABARS ratings on the squad leader. Results indicated that “self-SABARS” evaluations did not correlate with SABARS completed by O/C's, and were not predictive of performance criteria. O/C-completed SABARS were, however, predictive of performance criteria thus replicating findings reported previously (Matthews et al., 2004). Implications for assessing SA in the field are discussed.

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