Variability in Development of Overarm Throwing: A Longitudinal Case Study over the First 6 Months of Throwing

One female subject of 15 months of age,-at the onset of overarm-throwing behaviour, was tested on a longitudinal study of throwing development. Data were collected at the onset of throwing and monthly thereafter, producing 6 sets of data. Kinematic variables were obtained using 3-dimensional video analysis and digitization. Qualitative observations showed that both arm-dominated and sequentially linked throws, right- and left-handed throws, and homolateral and contralateral forward steps were generated in an array of inconsistent throwing. Sequentially linked throws were generally ‘interrupted’, whereby the child paused briefly after the Back swing to focus externally, then the child executed the propulsion. The throwing elbow remained flexed at ball release. Angles of ball release (referred to the horizontal) fluctuated from 2.17° to 28.03° for all 6 months of throwing development, and the speed of ball release varied from 2.08 m/sec. to 4.32 m/sec. Height of ball release oscillated between 91.5% and 103.3% of the child's height. Horizontal and vertical components of the velocity of the ball while in the hand differed amongst both arm-dominated and sequentially linked throws. The time of the Push up phase in arm-dominated throws varied from 0.14 sec. to 0.50 sec. In sequentially linked throws the time of the Back swing ranged from 0.18 sec. to 0.22 sec., and the Propulsion varied from 0.06 sec. to 0.14 sec. This work in identifying such variability is important, therefore, in the understanding of the motor skill of throwing.

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3–Dimensional Kinematics of Overarm Throwing Action of Children Age 15 to 30 Months

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1997.84.3c.1267 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 84 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1267-1283 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Pascual Marques-Bruna ◽

Paul N. Grimshaw

Keyword(s):

Qualitative Analysis ◽

Motor Development ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Elbow Extension ◽

3 Dimensional ◽

Video Recordings ◽

Ball Release ◽

Different Ages ◽

Overarm Throwing ◽

Older Subjects

7 children 15 to 30 mo. old participated in a study of 3–dimensional kinematics of overarm throwing. Children of different ages were considered to be at different developmental stages of motor development. Video recordings were digitised and 3-dimensional coordinates established using the DLT algorithm. Qualitative analysis indicated that the children executed either a ‘static’ or ‘dynamic’ throwing action. Either could further be classified as ‘arm dominated’ or ‘sequentially linked.’ Maximum elbow extension was no more than 163° for any child; release velocity was higher for older subjects; and the angle of ball release was large in ‘arm-dominated throws’ ( M = 49°) and comparatively smaller in ‘sequentially linked’ throws ( M = 15°).

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Longitudinal case study of child-directed speech in Slovak from the perspective of acquisition of personal pronouns

Ceskoslovenska psychologie ◽

10.51561/cspsych.65.3.255 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

pp. 255-268

Author(s):

Milada Walková ◽

◽

Alexandra Brestovičová ◽

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Proper Names ◽

Longitudinal Case Study ◽

Personal Pronouns ◽

Second Person ◽

Simple Regression Analysis ◽

Simple Regression ◽

Over Time

Objectives. Previous research has shown that the acquisition of personal pronouns benefits from input with higher amounts of stable reference. This paper aims to provide more evidence of how input is structured. The language under study is Slovak, a pro-drop language, allowing to extend the study of input to verb marking. Participants and setting. The longitudinal study follows speech directed to three children in two families from the age 1;9 to 3;0. Hypotheses. It was hypothesised that the incidence of the first and second person singular pronouns and verb marking as expressions with shifting reference grows with the child’s age while the incidence of proper names and category names as expressions with stable reference decreases with the child’s age. Statistical analysis. Occurrences of first and second person singular pronouns and verb marking as expressions with shifting reference as well as proper names and category names referring to the speaker and addressee as expressions with stable reference were found and analysed. Simple regression analysis testing was conducted on the data. Results. The results confirm the hypothesis, showing an increase in the first and second person singular pronouns and verb marking over time, at the expense of proper names and category names referring to the speaker and the addressee. Study limitations. The study is limited by the size of the sample.

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Longitudinal case study of child-directed speech in Slovak from the perspective of acquisition of personal pronouns

Ceskoslovenska psychologie ◽

10.51561/cspsych.65.2.255 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

pp. 255-268

Author(s):

Milada Walková ◽

◽

Alexandra Brestovičová ◽

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Proper Names ◽

Longitudinal Case Study ◽

Personal Pronouns ◽

Second Person ◽

Simple Regression Analysis ◽

Simple Regression ◽

Over Time

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J's rhymes: a longitudinal case study of language play

Journal of Child Language ◽

10.1017/s0305000903005646 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 557-581 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

SHARON INKELAS

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Phonemic Awareness ◽

Language Game ◽

Longitudinal Case Study ◽

Language Play ◽

The Third ◽

Last Stage ◽

Natural Classes

A longitudinal study of one child aged 2;5 documents an invented language game consisting of suffixal reduplication and onset replacement. Initially, reduplication is partial: the reduplicant enlarges in discrete increments over the five stages of the game until by the last stage reduplication is total. Reduplication is accompanied by a process of onset replacement, in which the reduplicant always begins with /b/. Early in the game, this replacive onset ‘dissimilates’ to /p/ whenever the reduplicant would independently have begun with /b/. In subsequent stages, other voiced obstruents trigger dissimilation as well. Though similar in many ways to adult language reduplication, it is argued that J's game may more closely resemble adult rhyme (both poetic and word rhyme). Regardless, the structure of the game clearly reveals the child's awareness, in the third year of life, of stress and metrical feet, segmental natural classes, and segments themselves (phonemic awareness).

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Losing a language in childhood: a longitudinal case study on language attrition

Journal of Child Language ◽

10.1017/s0305000914000233 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 562-590 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

CRISTINA FLORES

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Migration Background ◽

Word Retrieval ◽

Target Language ◽

Language Loss ◽

Language Attrition ◽

Longitudinal Case Study ◽

Loss Of Contact ◽

German Data

ABSTRACTThis paper is based upon a longitudinal study of L2 attrition in a bilingual child who grew up in an L2 migration background (Germany) and moved to the country of origin (Portugal) at the age of nine, experiencing a dominance shift from theL2 tothe L1. The study aims to analyze the effects of language loss in L2 German. Data collection started 3 weeks after the child's immersion in the Portuguese setting and ended 18 months later. Results show first effects of language attrition after 5 months of reduced exposure to German; 18 months later the informant showed severe word retrieval difficulties and was unable to produce complete sentences in her L2. The findings thus confirm the conclusions of other studies on child language attrition, which attest to strong effects of attrition when the loss of contact with the target language occurs in childhood.

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Evolution and effect of LEAN bundles: a longitudinal study

Benchmarking An International Journal ◽

10.1108/bij-05-2017-0108 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (9) ◽

pp. 3789-3808 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ville Hallavo ◽

Markku Kuula ◽

Antero Putkiranta

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Qualitative Comparative Analysis ◽

Theory Development ◽

Manufacturing Firms ◽

Small Samples ◽

Longitudinal Case Study ◽

Content Type ◽

Adaptive Use ◽

The Business Cycle

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the effects of lean in a longitudinal context. Lean is currently experiencing its second coming. In spite of this, the current body of research on lean is especially lacking in longitudinal studies.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology used in this study is a longitudinal case study. The authors combined elements of multiple-case study and survey research by analyzing interview data on the same 23 Finnish manufacturing firms at three distinct points in time (1993, 2004 and 2010) with a methodology called qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) that is novel to the field.FindingsThe “thick” results of our exploratory contingency theoretic analysis suggest that the holistic and adaptive use of lean bundles is effective. It seems that especially the firm status of ownership and the phase of the business cycle exert an impact on successful lean bundle use. There is also evidence that a certain maturation effect takes place within lean bundle use: lean is increasingly being used as a complete management philosophy.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors hope that this research encourages researchers to use more QCA in their research, especially with small samples.Originality/valueThis is a unique longitudinal study on the same 23 manufacturing firms and their development. Furthermore, this study opens new avenues for lean theory development, introduces a new methodology to the field and helps decision makers to gain a better understanding of the long-term dynamics of lean.

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Enhancing the Quality of the Findings of a Longitudinal Case Study: Reviewing Trustworthiness via ATLAS.ti

The Qualitative Report ◽

10.46743/2160-3715/2016.2480 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Chooi Kean Ang ◽

Mohamed Amin Embi ◽

Melor Md Yunus

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Case Study Research ◽

Continuing Professional Development ◽

Qualitative Inquiry ◽

Longitudinal Case Study ◽

Audit Trail ◽

Development Tool ◽

Methodological Triangulation

Case study often implies the collection of unstructured data and qualitative analysis of those data. Additionally, it is often argued that the aim of case study research should be to capture cases in their uniqueness, rather than to use them as a basis for wider generalization or theoretical inference of some kind. Hence, it often raises a fundamental issue about the aspect of trustworthiness. This paper aims to examine the extent of support by using ATLAS.ti for data analysis in establishing trustworthiness in a longitudinal case study. The case study is on the use of e-portfolio as a continuing professional development tool for six Japanese language non-native teachers in the secondary schools in Malaysia. This study adopts the interpretivist perspective and uses three main strategies: triangulation (data and methodological triangulation), member checking and audit trail to establish trustworthiness. The use of ATLAS.ti does indeed help to substantiate the analysis and interpretation of the data. Additionally, by using the software programme, it facilitated the three strategies, specifically in capturing triangulation and audit trail of the longitudinal study with its features of merging code and memo, and member checking with its thematic network viewing or an alternative textual report features. Particularly, the researchers advocate the use of CAQDAS in a longitudinal study as it enables the analysis of various data collected under different project files; called “Hermeneutic Units” at the different phases throughout the period of study and subsequently by merging them together at the end of the study, it allows the richness of the analysed data and thus, enhances the quality of the qualitative inquiry in this study.

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