Long-Term Costs of Inflated Self-Estimate on Academic Performance among Adolescent Students: A Case of Second-Language Achievements

2009 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 727-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mu-Li Yang ◽  
Hsueh-Hua Chuang ◽  
Wen-Bin Chiou
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Second Language ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Junior College ◽  
Positive Illusions ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
Adolescent Students ◽  
Short And Long Term

Past studies suggest that the adaptive or maladaptive consequences of inflated self-estimate, one form of positive illusions, require further investigation. 308 freshmen at a junior college (164 women, 144 men; M age = 19.8 yr., SD = 1.1) participated in a longitudinal study during a 2-yr. period. There were three assessments of short- and long-term effects of overly positive self-estimates on second-language achievement. Students' overestimation of subsequent performance appears to be associated with lower achievement. Those students with apparently inflated self-estimates performed marginally better on the first assessment but worse in the second and final assessments. Students with more accurate self-estimates showed improvement on all assessments. The findings suggested that overinflated self-estimates, i.e., positive illusions, among adolescent students might lead to a lower achievement over the long term.

scholarly journals Association between Breastfeeding and DNA Methylation over the Life Course: Findings from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Pires Hartwig ◽  
George Davey Smith ◽  
Andrew J. Simpkin ◽  
Cesar Gomes Victora ◽  
Caroline L. Relton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Avon Longitudinal Study

Background: Breastfeeding is associated with short and long-term health benefits. Long-term effects might be mediated by epigenetic mechanisms, yet the literature on this topic is scarce. We performed the first epigenome-wide association study of infant feeding, comparing breastfed vs non-breastfed children. We measured DNA methylation in children from peripheral blood collected in childhood (age 7 years, N = 640) and adolescence (age 15–17 years, N = 709) within the Accessible Resource for Integrated Epigenomic Studies (ARIES) project, part of the larger Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort. Cord blood methylation (N = 702) was used as a negative control for potential pre-natal residual confounding. Results: Two differentially-methylated sites presented directionally-consistent associations with breastfeeding at ages 7 and 15–17 years, but not at birth. Twelve differentially-methylated regions in relation to breastfeeding were identified, and for three of them there was evidence of directional concordance between ages 7 and 15–17 years, but not between birth and age 7 years. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that DNA methylation in childhood and adolescence may be predicted by breastfeeding, but further studies with sufficiently large samples for replication are required to identify robust associations.

scholarly journals Association between breastfeeding and DNA methylation over the life course: findings from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Pires Hartwig ◽  
George Davey Smith ◽  
Andrew J Simpkin ◽  
Cesar Gomes Victora ◽  
Caroline L. Relton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Avon Longitudinal Study

AbstractBackgroundBreastfeeding is associated with short and long-term health benefits. Long-term effects might be mediated by epigenetic mechanisms, yet a recent systematic review indicated that the literature on this topic is scarce. We performed the first epigenome-wide association study of infant feeding, comparing breastfed vs non-breastfed children. We measured DNA methylation in children from peripheral blood collected in childhood (age 7, N=640) and adolescence (age 15-17, N=709) within the Accessible Resource for Integrated Epigenomic Studies (ARIES) project, part of the larger Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort. Cord blood methylation (N=702) was used as a negative control for potential pre-natal residual confounding.ResultsTwo differentially-methylated sites presented directionally-consistent associations with breastfeeding at ages 7 and 15-17, but not at birth. Twelve differentially-methylated regions in relation to breastfeeding were identified, and for three of them there was evidence of directional concordance between ages 7 and 15-17, but not between birth and age 7.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that DNA methylation in childhood and adolescence may be predicted by breastfeeding, but further studies with sufficiently large samples for replication are required to identify robust associations.

Saskatchewan Highways and Transportation Reduced Tire Pressure Initiative

1997 ◽  
Vol 1589 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Davies ◽  
Tami F. Wall ◽  
Allan Carpentier
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Vehicle Stability ◽  
Road Maintenance ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Tire Pressure ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Short And Long Term

After examination of the research carried out by other agencies, Saskatchewan Highways and Transportation (SHT) embarked on an initiative to adapt low tire pressure technologies to the province's needs and environment. The focus of the initiative was to explore several technical questions from SHT's perspective: (a) Can low tire pressures be used to increase truck weights from secondary to primary without increasing road maintenance costs on thin membrane surface roads? (b) What are the short- and long-term effects of tire heating under high-speed/high-deflection constant reduced pressure (CRP) operations in a Saskatchewan environment? (c) What effects do lower tire pressures have on vehicle stability at highway speeds? To date, significant opportunities have been noted on local hauls (less than 30 min loaded at highway speeds) for CRP operation and long primary highway hauls that begin or end in relatively short secondary highway sections that limit vehicle weight allowed for the whole trip for central tire inflation technology. The background and environment for the initiative and the investigations and demonstrations envisioned and undertaken are briefly outlined.

The Neurobiology of Pain

2019 ◽  
pp. 387-414
Author(s):  
Maria Fitzgerald ◽  
Michael W. Salter
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Pain Pathways ◽  
Developmental Age ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Age And Sex

The influence of development and sex on pain perception has long been recognized but only recently has it become clear that this is due to specific differences in underlying pain neurobiology. This chapter summarizes the evidence for mechanistic differences in male and female pain biology and for functional changes in pain pathways through infancy, adolescence, and adulthood. It describes how both developmental age and sex determine peripheral nociception, spinal and brainstem processing, brain networks, and neuroimmune pathways in pain. Finally, the chapter discusses emerging evidence for interactions between sex and development and the importance of sex in the short- and long-term effects of early life pain.

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