Rats' Preference for the More Effortful of Two Responses as a Function of Prior Experience

1976 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 931-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth M. Kleinman ◽  
Robert J. Mc Laughlin ◽  
Ivan C. Gerard ◽  
Deborah A. Bosza ◽  
Robert C. Clipper
Keyword(s):  
Lever Press ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Prior Training ◽  
Choice Tests

Three groups of rats were each given 14 days of lever-press training under different conditions. One group was allowed to press only on a FR3 schedule, a second only on a CRF schedule, and a third received alternate-day training on CRF and FR3 schedules. Following training, 4 days of choice tests were given during which animals were allowed to choose between the two schedules of responding. Rats trained on the FR3 schedule both preferred to respond and obtained more rewards on that schedule, while rats in the other 2 groups preferred the CRF schedules. Results indicated that the degree of rats' preference for effortful responding is a function of the conditions of prior training.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Bonfils and Levitan Optical Stylets for Tracheal Intubation: A Clinical Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1093-1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Webb ◽  
H. Kolawole ◽  
S. Leong ◽  
T. E. Loughnan ◽  
T. Crofts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Study ◽  
Tracheal Intubation ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
The Other ◽  
Surgical Patients ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
High Failure Rate ◽  
Novice Users

The Bonfils and Levitan FPS™ scopes are rigid fibreoptic stylets that may assist routine or difficult intubation. This study compared the effectiveness of each in patients with predicted normal airways when used by specialist anaesthetists with no prior experience using optical stylets. Twelve anaesthetists and 324 elective surgical patients participated. Six anaesthetists were randomised to first intubate 20 patients with the Levitan scope (Phase 1) followed by a further seven patients with the Bonfils scope (Phase 2). The other six participating anaesthetists undertook their first 20 intubations with the Bonfils (Phase 1), followed by seven intubations with the Levitan (Phase 2). Outcomes recorded were success rate, total time to intubation, number of attempts, ease of intubation score and incidence of complications. Overall failure rates were similar for the two scopes with 5.6% of patients not intubated after three attempts. Median total times to intubation were similar for the Levitan (44 seconds) and Bonfils (36 seconds) (P=0.11). Participants using the Bonfils in Phase 1 had significantly higher chance of success on first attempt (73%) compared to Levitan users during Phase 1 (57%) (P=0.008). These differences were not significant in the second phase and ease of intubation scores were similar for both scopes (P=0.9). This study showed the two scopes were comparable but the high failure rate amongst novice users demonstrated the importance of familiarity and skill development prior to their introduction to a difficult airway cart.

Preferences of Japanese Beetle and Southern Masked Chafer (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Grubs Among Cool-Season Turfgrasses

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berry A. Crutchfield ◽  
Daniel A. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
The Other ◽  
Popillia Japonica ◽  
Feeding Preferences ◽  
Japanese Beetle ◽  
Acremonium Coenophialum ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Choice Tests

Feeding preferences of Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, and southern masked chafer, Cyclocephala lurida Bland, grubs for six common cool-season turfgrasses were evaluated in choice tests in the greenhouse. On the basis of larval distributions, Popillia japonica consistently preferred perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L., over all other turfgrasses tested. In contrast, C. lurida showed no consistent pattern of preference. Presence of one grub species did not affect distribution of the other species. Grubs did not discriminate between tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb., infected with the endophyte Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones & Gams and endophyte-free tall fescue.

Differential Probing Response of Serpentine Leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), on Cos Lettuce

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregg S. Nuessly ◽  
Russell T. Nagata
Keyword(s):  
Lactuca Sativa ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
The Other ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Liriomyza Trifolii ◽  
Romaine Lettuce ◽  
Lactuca Sativa L ◽  
Leaf Mining ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Serpentine Leafminer

Leaf mining damage by serpentine leafminers, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), is a major problem of many leafy vegetables especially lettuce. A hierarchy of leaf probing preference by L. trifolii on romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars ‘Floricos 83’ (FC), ‘Parris Island Cos’ (PI), ‘Tall Guzmaine’ (TG), and ‘Valmaine’ (VL) was determined. Based on stipple counts (puncture wounds in the leaf surface), L. trifolii preferred TG by an experiment-wide average of 3:1 over the other cultivars. In choice tests where L. trifolii were able to select their preferred cultivar, TG was preferred 2.2:1 to 5.5:1 over the over varieties. On 12-leaf stage TG plants, eight female flies produced means ± SEM of 664.2 ± 165.8, 1,581.8 ± 333.8, and 2,084.5 ± 242.6 stipples per plant after 24, 48, and 72 h exposures, respectively. Preference for TG was maintained in no-choice tests where TG was preferred 1.8:1 to 2.6:1 over the other cultivars. Stipple counts on FC, PI, and VL did not vary significantly between choice and no-choice tests, but nearly twice as many stipples per plant were found on TG in choice than in no-choice tests. More probing occurred on all cultivars on the youngest fully expanded leaves in the middle of the plants than on leaves toward the bottom or top of the plants. Preference for these middle leaves was more pronounced on TG than on the other cultivars. The differences in stipple rates followed the pedigrees of the cultivars tested. The character(s) preferred by L. trifolii were apparently introduced into the lineage with a cross to ‘Paris White.’

The Effect of An Internal Model on Subsequent Learning

1983 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray E. Eberts
Keyword(s):  
System Dynamics ◽  
Internal Model ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Internal Models ◽  
The Other ◽  
Learning Performance ◽  
Continuous Control ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Discrete Task ◽  
Previous Training

The purpose of this experiment was to compare the learning performance on a discrete second order control task between an experienced group of subjects, who had generated both accurate and inaccurate internal models through prior experience, to a group of subjects who had little prior experience and no model of the system dynamics. The 48 subjects were divided into six groups of eight subjects each. Three of the groups, the experienced groups, had previous training in a continuous control task and the other three groups, the no experience groups, had only a few trials on the continuous control task. The results showed that all three experienced groups learned the new discrete task faster than the no experience groups; the no experience groups actually got slightly worse with practice. It was concluded that an internal model, even an inaccurate one, provides a reference for subjects which can be used to analyze and improve their performance.

Natural and contrived experience in a reasoning problem

1971 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Wason ◽  
Diana Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Prior Experience ◽  
Logical Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Abstract Form ◽  
Abstract Group ◽  
Reasoning Problem

This study is concerned with the effects of prior experience on a deceptive reasoning problem. In the first experiment the subjects (students) were presented with the problem after they had experienced its logical structure. This experience was, on the whole, ineffective in allowing subsequent insight to be gained into the problem. In the second experiment the problem was presented in “thematic” form to one group, and in abstract form to the other group. Ten out of 16 subjects solved it in the thematic group, as opposed to 2 out of 16 in the abstract group. Three hypotheses are proposed to account for this result.

Effect of Concurrent Visual Feedback on Acquisition of a Weightlifting Skill

1988 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 715-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Paul Sewall ◽  
T. Gilmour Reeve ◽  
Robert A. Day
Keyword(s):  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common Procedure ◽  
College Age ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Practice Trials ◽  
Power Clean

Practice in front of a mirror is a common procedure for activities such as dance, gymnastics, and other sports. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect that performing with concurrent visual feedback from a mirror had on the acquisition of the power clean movement. 18 college-age males who had no prior experience with the power clean movement served as subjects who were assigned to one of two groups. One group had use of a mirror during the practice trials and the other practiced without the mirror. All subjects viewed an instructional videotape and had practice trials. All subjects were evaluated for proper technique on a pretest, a posttest without the mirror, and a posttest with the mirror. Analysis showed a significant difference between pre- and posttest performances for both groups and a significant difference between groups on the posttest performances with the mirror. Evidently the videotaped instruction was sufficient to allow both groups to improve in performance of the power clean. Differences in posttest performances with the mirror reflected the type of feedback (with or without the mirror) available during training.

Neurons in the Pontomedullary Reticular Formation Signal Posture and Movement Both as an Integrated Behavior and Independently

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 2235-2253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bénédicte Schepens ◽  
Paul Stapley ◽  
Trevor Drew
Keyword(s):  
Reticular Formation ◽  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Lever Press ◽  
The Other ◽  
Muscle Tonus ◽  
Contralateral Limb ◽  
Discharge Characteristics ◽  
Flexor Muscles ◽  
Postural Support ◽  
The Right

We have previously suggested that the discharge characteristics of some neurons in the pontomedullary reticular formation (PMRF) are contingent on the simultaneous requirement for activity in both ipsilateral flexor muscles and contralateral extensors. To test this hypothesis we trained cats to stand on four force platforms and to perform a task in which they were required to reach forward with one forelimb or the other and depress a lever. As such the task required the cat to make a flexion movement followed by an extension in the reaching limb while maintaining postural support by increasing extensor muscle tonus in the supporting limbs. We recorded the activity of 131 neurons from the PMRF of three cats during left, ipsilateral reach. Of these, 86/131 (66%) showed a change in discharge frequency prior to the onset of activity in one of the prime flexor muscles and 43/86 (50%) showed a bimodal pattern of discharge in which activity decreased during the lever press. Among the remaining cells, 28/86 (33%) showed maintained activity throughout the reach and the lever press. Most cells showed a broadly similar pattern of discharge during reaches with the right, contralateral limb. We suggest these results support the view that a population of neurons within the PMRF contributes to the control of movement in one forelimb and the control of posture in the other forelimb as a coordinated unit. Another population of neurons contributes to the control of postural support independently of the nature of the activity in the reaching limb.

scholarly journals Conflict Outcome in Male Green Swordtail Fish Dyads (Xiphophorus Helleri): Interaction of Body Size, Prior Dominance/Subordination Experience, and Prior Residency

Behaviour ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 133 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 303-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques P. Beaugrand ◽  
Claude Goulet ◽  
Daniel Payette
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Social Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Xiphophorus Helleri ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Swordtail Fish ◽  
Prior Residency

AbstractThe relative contribution of asymmetries in prior experience, size, and prior residency to the determination of dyadic dominance between unacquainted individuals was examined using pairs of green swordtail fish, Xiphophorus helleri. Four types of encounters were staged between an intruder and a smaller resident: (1) both had experienced prior vicctory; (2) both had experienced prior defeat; (3) the intruder had experienced prior victory and the resident prior defeat; and (4) the intruder had experienced prior defeat and the resident prior victory. In a fifth condition in which two intruders met, one was a prior subordinate and the other a prior dominant smaller in size than its opponent. In all these encounters, the superiority in lateral surface of one fish varied between 0 to 30% over that of its opponent. Results showed that (1) when size differences between contestants were within the range of 0-10% and there was an asymmetry in prior social experience, conflicts were essentially resolved according to prior experience with prior winners systematically defeating prior losers; (2) prior residency of 3 h was an advantage only when both opponents had experienced prior defeat before meeting and when size asymmetries were small (e.g. < 20%). It was not an advantage between prior winners or between a prior winner and a prior loser; (3) when large size asymmetries existed (e.g. 20-30%), size uniquely determined dominance outcome and nullified other advantages or disadvantages due to prior social experience and prior residency; and (4) at intermediate levels of size asymmetries (e.g. 10-20%), size partially cancelled any advantage due to a prior victory, and gradually became paramount in accounting for victories.

Feeding preferences, growth, and development of Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Brassicaceae

2001 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Ulmer ◽  
C. Gillott ◽  
M. Erlandson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Leaf Disc ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mamestra Configurata ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Growth Increase ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Choice Feeding

AbstractThe growth (increase in body mass) and development (progression to specific instar) of the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Walker, were examined using up to 14 plant lines from five species of brassicaceous plants. Varietal and breeding lines of Brassica napus L., B. juncea L., B. rapa L., B. carinata L., and Sinapis alba L. were selected on the basis of differing seed and foliar glucosinolate levels. No-choice feeding experiments were conducted with larvae isolated on leaf discs, individual leaves, or entire plants of each line. The no-choice tests showed that M. configurata weight gain and development varied significantly among host plants tested. Two B. juncea lines (AC Vulcan and H-Allyl) and the S. alba lines (AC Pennant and L-GS) were the poorest hosts in terms of larval weight gain, and the two B. juncea lines also significantly slowed development relative to the other lines tested. Mamestra configurata feeding preference, which was examined using a series of paired leaf disc choice tests, was also significantly different among the lines examined. Two B. juncea lines (AC Vulcan and H-Allyl) were significantly less preferred than all the other lines examined. The data extends previous work indicating that specific foliar glucosinolates, such as sinigrin, which is predominant in B. juncea, and sinalbin, which is abundant in S. alba, may provide brassicaceous crops with some protection from M. configurata. Thus, it may be possible to use foliar glucosinolate levels as predictors of M. configurata feeding damage in the development of breeding lines for the genus Brassica.

scholarly journals Impact of Soil Moisture and Mowing Height on Ataenius spretulus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Selection of Golf Course Turf Habitat in Choice Tests

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-Ki Jo ◽  
David R. Smitely
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Habitat Selection ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Ovipositional Preference ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

Ataenius spretulus (Haldeman) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is the most common grub in golf course fairways in Michigan. Ataenius spretulus grubs are 3- to 10-fold more abundant in golf course fairways (mowed at a height of 1.5 cm) than in the roughs (mowed at a height of 5.0 cm or higher). Predation and infection by Paenibacillus sp. were previously reported to be greater in the rough, and may partially explain outbreaks of A. spretulus grubs in golf course fairways. In addition to natural enemies, cultural practices of irrigation and mowing could also be important factors, especially if A. spretulus prefers to oviposit in the fairway over the rough. In this paper we examine the impact of soil moisture and mowing height on oviposition and habitat selection. In a greenhouse experiment where A. spretulus adults were given a choice of turf maintained at fairway or rough height, no ovipositional preference for one or the other was observed. In three different growth chamber experiments where adults were allowed to choose among fairway or rough turf plugs held in soil at different moisture levels, adults preferred turf plugs in soil at a volumetric moisture content of 13% to 26% over turf plugs in soil at 8% to 9% moisture for their habitat selection. We conclude from these greenhouse and growth chamber experiments that A. spretulus adults do not choose turf habitat based on mowing height, but may be influenced by soil moisture levels.

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