Theoretical and Empirical Link between Psychological Differentiation and Extraversion

1985 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuntufye S. Mwamwenda ◽  
Jean-Paul Dionne ◽  
Bernadette B. Mwamwenda
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Personality Inventory ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Psychological Differentiation ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Eysenck Personality Inventory ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Private And Public

This study examined a relationship between psychological differentiation and extraversion and possible sex differences in performance. A significant curvilinear relationship was observed for boys only. Boys were more field independent and extraverted than girls. Subjects were 192 (109 girls and 83 boys), students in Grades 11 and 12 from private and public schools in Oshawa and Ottawa, Canada. Their mean age was 17.4 yr. Psychological differentiation was measured by the Group Embedded Figures Test and extraversion by the Eysenck Personality Inventory, Form B.

Psychological Differentiation and Schizotypal Traits: Negative Results with the Group Embedded Figures Test

1989 ◽  
Vol 68 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1219-1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Schuldberg ◽  
Alan London
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Differentiation ◽  
Magical Ideation ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Group Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Restriction Of Range ◽  
Physical Anhedonia ◽  
Perceptual Aberration

Research on psychological differentiation and psychopathology has indicated that both extremes of differentiation are found in clinical populations. Previous research found that subjects with over-ideational or delusional symptomatology are likely to be field-independent. It was predicted that college students with high scores on measures of Perceptual Aberration and Magical Ideation, particularly those also high on Impulsive Nonconformity, would receive higher scores than control subjects on the Group Embedded Figures Test, a measure of differentiation. It was also predicted that subjects receiving high scores on Physical Anhedonia would show lower differentiation than controls. The results did not support these predictions, calling into question the relevance of the field dependence/independence construct to schizotypal symptoms. Findings are also discussed in terms of the possible heterogeneity of the Perceptual Aberration and Magical Ideation groups, restriction of range in samples of nonclinical subjects with schizotypal experiences, and problems in the measurement of cognitive style.

Sex Differences in Field Dependence-Independence between the Ages of 3 and 6

1974 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 1307-1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Coates
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Embedded Figures

The present study analyzed sex differences in field dependence-independence between the ages of 3 and 6 yr., using the Preschool Embedded-figures Test. Results indicated that at age 5 girls were significantly more field-independent than boys.

Field Independence and Laterality in the Perception of Faces

1977 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip K. Oltman ◽  
Howard Ehrlichman ◽  
Patricia W. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Left Visual Field ◽  
Test Field ◽  
Field Independence ◽  
Psychological Differentiation ◽  
College Males ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Field Bias

For a sample of 28 college males the degree of left visual-field bias in the perception of faces correlated .45 ( p < .01) with extent of field-independent performance, as assessed by a composite score based on the Embedded-Figures Test, the Rod-and-Frame Test, and ratings on the Articulation-of-Body-Concept Scale. In a second study with 16 female and 10 male college subjects using the Group Embedded-Figures Test, field-independent subjects again showed greater left visual-field lateralization of face perception ( r = .43, p < .05). Based on Witkin's view of field independence as a manifestation of psychological differentiation, possible links between extent of differentiation at the psychological and neurophysiological levels are suggested.

Haptic Lateralization, Field Dependence, and Sex

1987 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 907-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm L. Van Blerkom
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Psychological Differentiation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
The Relationship

This study was designed to examine the relationship between lateralization and field dependence-independence. Through prior screening, 48 right-handed college students (24 men and 24 women) were identified as either field dependent or field independent on the Embedded Figures Test. Using a unilateral haptic task, field-independent men were more lateralized than field-dependent men. No such differences were found for women. These results are discussed in relation to Witkin's theory of psychological differentiation. Possible differences between men and women are also discussed.

Eye Movements and Sex Differences in Field Articulation

1974 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 615-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Harley ◽  
D. I. Kalish ◽  
A. J. Silverman
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Visual Scanning ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Rod And Frame

Eye movements of 10 male and 10 female Ss were examined during the rod-and-frame and size-estimation tests. Males were significantly more field-independent than females on the rod-and-frame. No sex differences were observed on size-estimation, embedded-figures test, or in the number of vertical and horizontal eye movements recorded during the two tasks. Eye movements did not correlate with performance on either test. The latter finding questions the utilization of size-estimation to infer visual scanning.

Sex and Profession as Determinants of Field Dependence

1983 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 617-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahuva Windsor
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Spatial Ability ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Group Embedded Figures Test ◽  
The Relationship

This study explored whether consistently found sex differences in field-dependence, showing males more field independent than females, would persist when members of both sex groups have high spatial ability. No such differences were found between 16 male and 11 female Design and Architecture students who took the Group Embedded Figures Test. Apparently biological sex alone does not determine field-dependence; this study calls for examination of the relationship between spatial ability and field dependence.

Do Confusing Information and Egocentric Instructions Influence Perception?

1984 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margery S. Brown
Keyword(s):  
College Men ◽  
Psychological Differentiation ◽  
Personality Dimension ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame ◽  
Better Than

In an investigation of psychological differentiation, Witkin's personality dimension, 12 field-dependent and 12 field-independent students were selected from a population of college men in summerschool based on their Embedded Figures Test scores. They were assigned to conditions, given egocentric or gravitational instructions, and provided clarified or obscuring feedback about their performance on the Rod and Frame Test. Although instructions had no effect, students with clarified feedback performed better than those whose feedback was confusing. Field-independent men had less difficulty with the confusing feedback than did field-dependent men.

Field Independence and Simultaneous Processing in Preschool Children

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 891-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cathy W. Hall ◽  
Gail Gregory ◽  
Elizabeth Billinger ◽  
Tony Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Field Independence ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Simultaneous Processing ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Processing Abilities ◽  
Abc Analysis

The present study examined the relations between field independence and simultaneous processing of preschool children as measured by the Preschool Embedded Figures Test (PEFT) and subtests from the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC), respectively. Data partially supported the assumption that field-independent children would perform significantly better on simultaneous processing tasks in general. Significant age and sex differences on field-independence/field-dependence and simultaneous-processing abilities were found among the embedded figures task and selected portions of the K-ABC. Analysis of embedded figures further indicated age differences, but no significant sex differences.

Field-Dependence/Field-Independence and Labeling of Facial Affect

1979 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 489-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominick Pellegreno ◽  
Fred Stickle
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Facial Affect ◽  
Field Independence ◽  
School Students ◽  
Pearson Product Moment Correlation ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Field Independent ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Embedded Figures

56 high school students were administered the Group Embedded Figures Test and the Pictures of Facial Affect. A low Pearson product-moment correlation of .02 was obtained between the measures. Data indicated that field-dependent and field-independent individuals were not significantly different in their skills of labeling pictures of facial affect.

Field-Dependence, Neuroticism, and Extraversion

1974 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 589-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Sell ◽  
Jane Johnson Duckworth
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Field Dependence ◽  
Personality Inventory ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Optimal Weights ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

A multiple regression analysis was used to predict Maudsley Personality Inventory extraversion scores from the rod-and-frame test, embedded-figures test, and Maudsley neuroticism scores of 66 undergraduate males. The results indicated that optimal weights of the neuroticism, embedded-figures, and rod-and-frame test upright scores contributed to prediction.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document