Sex-Role Identity and Machiavellianism

1985 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 863-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Nigro ◽  
Ida Galli
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Role Identity ◽  
Personal Attributes ◽  
Italian Version ◽  
Sex Role Identity ◽  
Personal Attributes Questionnaire

177 Italian undergraduates (83 men and 94 women) completed the Italian version of the Spence, et al.'s Personal Attributes Questionnaire and the Italian version of the Christie's Mach IV Scale. One-way analysis of variance indicated for men that undifferentiated individuals reported significantly higher Mach scores. For women, feminine sex-typed individuals reported higher Mach scores. Low masculinity might be associated with stronger Machiavellianism. Further implications of the findings were discussed.

Psychological Gender, Hand Preferences, and Sex Differences in Book-Carrying Styles

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 815-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Alley ◽  
Jeanette I. Kolker
Keyword(s):  
Sex Role ◽  
Hand Preference ◽  
Role Identity ◽  
Personal Attributes ◽  
Role Identities ◽  
Sex Role Identity ◽  
Psychological Gender ◽  
Personal Attributes Questionnaire ◽  
Hand Preferences ◽  
Item Scale

Individuals with stronger sex-role identities may be expected to show greater conformity to sex-typed behaviors. Proceeding from this assumption, the sex-role status and sex of students using different styles of carrying books were compared. This study also examined whether over-all hand preference or age were related to carrying styles or sex-role status. Subjects completed a questionnaire comprised of the 24-item Personal Attributes Questionnaire of Spence and Helmreich, a 6-item scale of hand preference and a self-rating of sex-role identity. Afterwards, each subject's carrying style was covertly observed and recorded. Most subjects carried their materials in a sex-typical way or in book bags (for which no sex-typed carrying styles were discovered). As in previous studies, men in this study scored higher than women on masculinity and androgyny and lower on femininity. Hand preference was not related to sex-role status. Carrying style was not significantly correlated with any of the predictor variables for men, perhaps because almost no variance in carrying style was observed among them. Women who used masculine carrying styles tended to be older, have greater instrumentality, and a more masculine identity.

Causal Attributions for Achievement Outcomes: Sex-Role Identity, Sex and Outcome Comparisons

1981 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 586-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary J. Pasquella ◽  
Martha T. S. Mednick ◽  
Saundra Rice Murray
Keyword(s):  
Causal Attributions ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
White Male ◽  
Role Identity ◽  
Personal Attributes ◽  
Subjective Outcome ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Sex Role Identity ◽  
Achievement Outcomes ◽  
Personal Attributes Questionnaire

White male and female subjects completed a digit guessing task, an instrument assessing perceived outcome and causal attributions, and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ), a measure of sex-identity. Men generally used more ability attributions than women, though women stressed ability for failure more than men did. Those who saw themselves as successful on the task reported using more ability, effort, and luck ascriptions than those with lower subjective outcome. While sex identity was related to the kinds of attributions made for ability and effort, it was only in relation to subjective outcome for effort that it added information over and above that of sex of subject.

Gender, Sex-Role Identity and Avoidance-Confrontation of Existential Issues for Psychiatric Inpatients

1980 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 967-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter M. Phillips ◽  
Anne M. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Sex Roles ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Psychiatric Inpatients ◽  
Role Identity ◽  
Significant Trend ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Sex Role Identity ◽  
Existential Issues

Viewing at least the beginnings of personality development beyond culturally stereotypic sex-roles as theoretically related to the openness to confront existential issues in general, the confrontation-avoidance of existential issues for 32 male and 32 female psychiatric inpatients was investigated. Subjects were grouped for analysis of variance by gender and by median splits of Bern Sex-role Inventory scores for masculinity and femininity. Although both male and female stereotypic sex-role groups evidenced the greatest avoidance of existential issues, the only statistically significant trend was found for the interaction of gender by masculinity which was attributable to the endorsement of masculine adjectives by females being associated with the most existential confrontation. Discussed in view of Bern's similar findings regarding flexibility and females' scores for masculine adjective endorsement, the results were viewed as supporting our model for female patients but not for males.

Beyond sex

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ho Kwan Cheung ◽  
Alex Lindsey ◽  
Eden King ◽  
Michelle R Hebl
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Role Identity ◽  
Influence Tactics ◽  
Role Expectations ◽  
Performance Ratings ◽  
Occupational Commitment ◽  
Continuance Commitment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sex Role Identity

Purpose – Influence tactics are prevalent in the workplace and are linked to crucial outcomes such as career success and helping behaviours. The authors argue that sex role identity affects women’s choice of influence tactics in the workplace, but they only receive positive performance ratings when their behaviours are congruent with gender role expectation. Furthermore, the authors hypothesize that these relationships may be moderated by occupational continuance commitment. Results suggest that femininity is negatively related to the use of influence tactics overall, and this relationship is moderated by occupational continuance commitment. Design/methodology/approach – In all, 657 women working in the construction industry were surveyed for their continuance occupational commitment and sex role identity and 465 supervisors whose responses are linked with the subordinates are surveyed for the women’s influence tactics and performance ratings. Findings – Results suggested that femininity was negatively related to the use of influence tactics overall, and this relationship was moderated by occupational continuance commitment. Results also showed that women’s use of influence tactics was only positively received in terms of performance ratings when the influence tactic was congruent with gender role expectations. Research limitations/implications – The results of this current study suggest that not all women are equally likely to use influence tactics and not all tactics result in positive perceptions of performance. Feminine women in general refrain from using influence tactics unless they are driven to stay in a given occupation, but they only receive positive results when their behaviours are congruent with society’s gender role expectations. Originality/value – Past research has mostly focused on broad differences between males and females, and this study has shown that there are more nuanced differences that can more accurately describe the effects of gender disposition (i.e. sex role identity) on influence tactics. It also emphasizes the importance of occupational commitment as a boundary condition, which influences women to step out of their gender roles even though they may be penalized with lower performance ratings.

Sex Role Identity, Androgyny, and Sex Role Transcendence: A Sex Role Strain Analysis

1979 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Garnets ◽  
Joseph H. Pleck
Keyword(s):  
Sex Role ◽  
Role Strain ◽  
Strain Analysis ◽  
Role Identity ◽  
Role Salience ◽  
Sex Typing ◽  
Personality Functioning ◽  
Sex Role Identity ◽  
Psychological Significance ◽  
Real Self

This paper first reviews three different theoretical constructs concerning the psychological significance of sex role related characteristics in personality functioning: sex role identity, androgyny, and sex role transcendence. A new conceptual analysis concerning sex-typing, sex role strain analysis, is presented. According to this analysis, the relationship between sex role related personality characteristics and psychological adjustment, especially self-esteem, is moderated by two variables: perception of the ideal member of the same sex, and sex role salience. These two variables; taken in conjunction with real self-concept, generate five sex role strain outcomes. The constructs of sex role identity, androgyny, and sex role transcendence are interpreted in terms of this sex role strain analysis. The implications of this analysis for current research and for understanding the dynamics of both individual and social change in sex roles are briefly described.

scholarly journals Sex Role Identity, Communication Skills, and Group Popularity

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Loredana Ivan
Keyword(s):  
Communication Skills ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Role Identity ◽  
Potential Predictor ◽  
Sex Role Identity

Using two groups of undergraduate students (N = 71) the present paper argues about the importance of sex role identity (Bem, 1981) as a potential predictor of group popularity. The results show that participants with psychological androgine identity tend to use better their communication skills and become popular among their peers. Contray to previous studies (e.g. Hall, 1984; Saarni, 1999) focused on gender gap in communication skills, the current study emphasis on the importance of the sex role identity (Bem, 1974, 1975) in undestanding the relation between communication skills and likeability.

scholarly journals Cultural Dispositions, Sex-Role Identity, and Moral Orientation

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-126
Author(s):  
Cho,Geung-Ho ◽  
이재영
Keyword(s):  
Sex Role ◽  
Role Identity ◽  
Moral Orientation ◽  
Sex Role Identity

Anxiety Correlates of Sex-Role Identity in College Students

1964 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 729-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Cosentino ◽  
Alfred B. Heilbrun
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Role Identity ◽  
College Females ◽  
Questionnaire Data ◽  
College Males ◽  
Sex Role Identity ◽  
Role Adoption ◽  
Manifest Anxiety

The relationships between sex-role adoption, aggression anxiety (AA), and manifest anxiety (MA) were determined by using questionnaire data from 85 college males and 156 college females. Significant negative rs were obtained between masculinity and both anxiety variables which, in turn, were positively correlated. The MF-AA findings were similar to those reported for 12-yr.-old children.

The relationship of sex role identity and social and political attitudes1

1970 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Cottle ◽  
Carl N. Edwards ◽  
Joseph Pleck
Keyword(s):  
Sex Role ◽  
Role Identity ◽  
Sex Role Identity ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship
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