A Causal Model of Mathematics Performance in Early Adolescence: The Role of Sex

1989 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Midkiff ◽  
Joy Patricia Burke ◽  
Gerald C. Helmstadter
Keyword(s):  
Causal Model ◽  
Mathematics Performance ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Scholastic Aptitude ◽  
Eighth Grade Students ◽  
Mathematics Examination ◽  
Achievement In Mathematics ◽  
And Performance ◽  
School Records

Using path analysis, the present investigation was done to clarify possible causal linkages among general scholastic aptitude, academic achievement in mathematics, self-concept of ability, and performance on a mathematics examination. Subjects were 122 eighth-grade students who completed a mathematics examination as well as a measure of self-concept of ability. Aptitude and achievement measures were obtained from school records. Analysis showed sex differences in prediction of performance on the mathematics examination. For boys, this performance could be predicted from scholastic aptitude and previous achievement in mathematics. For girls, performance only could be predicted from previous achievement in mathematics. These results indicate that the direction, strength, and magnitude of relations among these variables differed for boys and girls, while mean levels of performance did not.

Role of Self-Concept of Academic Attainment in Achievement-Related Behaviors

1986 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Midkiff ◽  
Joy Patricia Burke ◽  
Jeanne P. Hunt ◽  
Geraldine Cain Ellison
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Academic Attainment ◽  
Performance Outcome ◽  
Academic Task ◽  
Eighth Grade Students ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Expectancy For Success

Researchers have reported that self-concept serves both as an antecedent and consequence of behavior. Given self-concept's role in achievement-related behavior, we sought clarification of factors influencing children's self-concepts of academic attainment. We examined proposed linkages among self-concept of academic attainment, academic achievement, expectancy for success, and performance outcome within a causal model using path analysis. Subjects were 208 eighth-grade students. Initial self-concept of academic attainment and initial expectancy for success were measured. Students then were given an academic task followed by performance feedback. We subsequently measured postperformance expectancy for success and postperformance self-concept of academic attainment. Students' postperformance self-concepts of academic attainment were influenced primarily by their initial self-concepts of academic attainment and, to a lesser extent, by their academic achievement and performance on an academic task.

A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Clinical Judgment with Objective Evaluation in the Prognosis of Rehabilitation Outcome

1973 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
William M. Holbert ◽  
Martha Walker
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Judgment ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Work Adjustment ◽  
Service Center ◽  
Rehabilitation Outcome ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Employment Evaluation

A three-year Research and Demonstraton Grant conducted at the Atlanta Employment Evaluation and Service Center, which serves the hardcore poor, is reviewed with particular emphasis on the clinical judgment of various staff members. Evaluators, caseworkers, and work adjustment staff were compared for accuracy of prognosis of client potential. Evaluators proved to be more optimistic and more accurate. The interaction of expectancies and performance is discussed, with particular attention to the role of self-concept in work potential. The possibility of self-destructive self-concepts of the disadvantaged and strategies for changing them is suggested. The effect of prophecy upon performance is also mentioned.

How Task Experience Influences Students' Performance Expectancies: The Role of Certainty

2011 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 380-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Dickhäuser ◽  
Marc-André Reinhard ◽  
Chris Englert
Keyword(s):  
Expectancy Value ◽  
Performance Expectancy ◽  
Performance Expectancies ◽  
Predicting Performance ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Mathematics Examination ◽  
Predicting Behavior ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Task Experience

The importance of performance expectancies for predicting behavior has long been highlighted in research on expectancy-value models. These models do not take into account that expectancies may vary in terms of their certainty. The study tested the following predictions: task experience leads to a higher certainty of expectancies; certainty and mean expectancies are empirically distinguishable; and expectancies held with high certainty are more accurate for predicting performance. 273 Grade 8 students reported their performance expectancy and the certainty of expectation with regard to a mathematics examination immediately before and after the examination. Actual grades on the examination were also assessed. The results supported the predictions: there was an increase in certainty between the two times of measurement; expectancies and certainty were unrelated at both times of measurement; and for students initially reporting higher certainty, the accuracy of the performance expectancy (i.e., the relation between expectancy and performance) was higher than for students reporting lower certainty. Given lower certainty, the accuracy increased after the students had experience with the examination. The data indicate that it may be useful to include certainty as an additional variable in expectancy-value models.

The role of human capital philosophy in promoting firm innovativeness and performance: test of a causal model

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 1456-1470 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.T. Selvarajan ◽  
Nagarajan Ramamoorthy ◽  
Patrick C. Flood ◽  
James P. Guthrie ◽  
Sarah MacCurtain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Causal Model ◽  
Firm Innovativeness ◽  
And Performance

Trace nanoanalysis

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 940-941
Author(s):  
D. E. Newbury ◽  
R. D. Leapman
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Volume Element ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Trace Constituents ◽  
Secondary Ion ◽  
Concentration Levels ◽  
Structure Properties

Trace constituents, which can be very loosely defined as those present at concentration levels below 1 percent, often exert influence on structure, properties, and performance far greater than what might be estimated from their proportion alone. Defining the role of trace constituents in the microstructure, or indeed even determining their location, makes great demands on the available array of microanalytical tools. These demands become increasingly more challenging as the dimensions of the volume element to be probed become smaller. For example, a cubic volume element of silicon with an edge dimension of 1 micrometer contains approximately 5×1010 atoms. High performance secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) can be used to measure trace constituents to levels of hundreds of parts per billion from such a volume element (e. g., detection of at least 100 atoms to give 10% reproducibility with an overall detection efficiency of 1%, considering ionization, transmission, and counting).

The Relation Between Financial Incentives, Motivation, and Performance

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anaïs Thibault Landry ◽  
Marylène Gagné ◽  
Jacques Forest ◽  
Sylvie Guerrero ◽  
Michel Séguin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Work Performance ◽  
Autonomous Motivation ◽  
Compensation Plans ◽  
Work Settings ◽  
Path Analyses ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Results

Abstract. To this day, researchers are debating the adequacy of using financial incentives to bolster performance in work settings. Our goal was to contribute to current understanding by considering the moderating role of distributive justice in the relation between financial incentives, motivation, and performance. Based on self-determination theory, we hypothesized that when bonuses are fairly distributed, using financial incentives makes employees feel more competent and autonomous, which in turn fosters greater autonomous motivation and lower controlled motivation, and better work performance. Results from path analyses in three samples supported our hypotheses, suggesting that the effect of financial incentives is contextual, and that compensation plans using financial incentives and bonuses can be effective when properly managed.

The effects of self-concept on foci of commitment and performance

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Le Chau ◽  
Hsien-Yao Swee ◽  
Paul E. Levy
Keyword(s):  
Self Concept ◽  
And Performance
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