Effect of Identity versus Oddity Training on Novel Matching-to-Sample Responding after Naming

1992 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 307-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harrie Boelens
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Oddity Task

Identity and oddity matching-to-sample tasks were arranged for different groups of five-year-old children. The children were then taught to name stimuli A1, B1, A2, and B2, which had not occurred in the identity or oddity task. Two names were taught; one was used for two stimuli and the other name for the other two stimuli. Finally, matching-to-sample tests with A1, B1, A2, and B2 were carried out. These offered a choice between a comparison with the same name as the sample and a comparison with a name other than that of the sample. The children who had received identity training tended to choose the comparison with the same name as the sample. The children who had received oddity training tended to choose the comparison with the other name. The results obtained with the oddity group suggest that giving the same name to two stimuli is not sufficient for equivalence of these stimuli. The results obtained with both groups can be explained on the basis of pre-experimental abstraction processes.

Signal Detection Analysis of Auditory Sequence Discrimination by Children

1974 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Doehring ◽  
Ruth A. Libman
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Reading Problems ◽  
Decision Strategy ◽  
Third Sound ◽  
Oddity Task ◽  
Detection Analysis ◽  
First Sound ◽  
Signal Detection Analysis ◽  
Proportion Correct

A three-choice auditory oddity-task and two three-choice auditory matching-to-sample tasks in which the sample was presented first or last were presented to 96 normal Ss ranging in age from 7 to 25 yr. and to 36 children with reading problems aged 8 to 16 yr. Signal detection analysis was used to assess differences among positions of the odd or matching sound with respect to proportion correct (hit rate), decision strategy (false alarm rate), and underlying discriminability ( d'). On the matching-to-sample tasks there was a very consistent bias at all ages against responding to the sound most remote from the sample, even though the remote sounds were not less discriminable. On the oddity-task a bias against choosing the first sound and toward choosing the third sound occurred for younger children. Positional differences for children with reading problems were almost identical with those of normal Ss.

Acquisition and Transfer of Simultaneous Oddity

1965 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 767-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Berryman ◽  
William W. Cumming ◽  
Leila R. Cohen ◽  
Daniel F. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Test ◽  
Simultaneous Presentation ◽  
Chance Level ◽  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Yellow Light ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Matching Conditions ◽  
Oddity Task ◽  
Selection Of

The matching-to-sample experimental procedure was altered by reinforcing the selection of the non-matching comparison hue rather than the matching stimulus. Six birds were trained with red, green, and blue alternatives and a simultaneous presentation of stimuli in which the sample was present at the same time as the choice stimuli. The acquisition functions began well above the chance level but displayed a very slow improvement thereafter, which was different from that shown under matching conditions. Transfer of the oddity performance was tested by substituting a yellow light whenever a blue stimulus had previously been programmed. The results from the transfer test are considered in terms of both a “coding hypothesis” and the stimulus rules which appear to govern the performance of the “oddity” task.

Excessive checking for non-anxiogenic stimuli in obsessive-compulsive disorder

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 507-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.-H. Clair ◽  
K. N’Diaye ◽  
T. Baroukh ◽  
J.-B. Pochon ◽  
M. Morgiève ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Coping Strategy ◽  
Memory Deficit ◽  
The Other ◽  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Experimental Literature ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Delayed Matching ◽  
Delayed Matching To Sample ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

AbstractBackgroundRepetitive checking in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) would serve to relieve obsession-related anxiety and/or to compensate memory deficit, but experimental literature on this subject is inconsistent. The main objective is to test the influence of obsession-related anxiety and memory on repetitive checking in OCD.MethodsTwenty-three OCD checkers, 17 OCD non-checkers and 41 controls performed a delayed-matching-to-sample task with an unrestricted checking option. Some stimuli were obsession-related in order to measure the influence of anxiety on checking. A version of the task without checking possibility was used to assess memory abilities.ResultsOCD checkers had similar memory performances but checked more than the other groups when presented with non-anxiogenic stimuli. Level of anxiety associated to the stimulus did not influence the number of checks.ConclusionsIncreased checking in OCD checkers, being independent of memory abilities and primary obsession-related anxiety, would, therefore, be closer to an automated behaviour than a coping strategy.

Chronological Age and Length of Delay as Determinants of Delayed Matching-to-Sample and Oddity Performance in Children

1976 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Evelyn W. Francis ◽  
Douglas Peter Ferraro ◽  
Thelma A. Giomi
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Delayed Matching ◽  
Delayed Matching To Sample ◽  
Oddity Task ◽  
Matching Performance

The effects of length of delay and chronological age on children's delayed matching-to-sample and oddity performance were investigated in two separate experiments. In the first experiment, 112 children, 70 to 80 mo. in age, were trained on either a matching or oddity task which was either simultaneous or involved a delay of 0, 6, or 14 sec. In the second experiment, a 6-sec. delayed matching or oddity task was used to investigate the performance of 84 children divided equally into 70–80 mo., 90–100 mo., and 125–135 mo. age groups. Accuracy of performance under both the matching and oddity tasks decreased with increases in delay value, and increased with increasing chronological age However, matching performance was superior to oddity for all delay values and chronological age groups studied.

Stromatoporoids from the Famennian (Devonian) Wabamun Formation, Normandville oilfield, north–central Alberta, Canada

1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (03) ◽  
pp. 411-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin W. Stearn
Keyword(s):  
Patch Reef ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
North Central ◽  
Biotic Crisis

Stromatoporoids are the principal framebuilding organisms in the patch reef that is part of the reservoir of the Normandville field. The reef is 10 m thick and 1.5 km2in area and demonstrates that stromatoporoids retained their ability to build reefal edifices into Famennian time despite the biotic crisis at the close of Frasnian time. The fauna is dominated by labechiids but includes three non-labechiid species. The most abundant species isStylostroma sinense(Dong) butLabechia palliseriStearn is also common. Both these species are highly variable and are described in terms of multiple phases that occur in a single skeleton. The other species described areClathrostromacf.C. jukkenseYavorsky,Gerronostromasp. (a columnar species), andStromatoporasp. The fauna belongs in Famennian/Strunian assemblage 2 as defined by Stearn et al. (1988).

D. The Line Spectrum of Pulsating Variable Stars

1967 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 207-244
Author(s):  
R. P. Kraft
Keyword(s):  
Variable Stars ◽  
The Other ◽  
Line Spectrum ◽  
Afternoon Session ◽  
Empirical Information ◽  
Pulsating Variable Stars ◽  
Almost Continuous ◽  
Informal Approach

(Ed. note:Encouraged by the success of the more informal approach in Christy's presentation, we tried an even more extreme experiment in this session, I-D. In essence, Kraft held the floor continuously all morning, and for the hour and a half afternoon session, serving as a combined Summary-Introductory speaker and a marathon-moderator of a running discussion on the line spectrum of cepheids. There was almost continuous interruption of his presentation; and most points raised from the floor were followed through in detail, no matter how digressive to the main presentation. This approach turned out to be much too extreme. It is wearing on the speaker, and the other members of the symposium feel more like an audience and less like participants in a dissective discussion. Because Kraft presented a compendious collection of empirical information, and, based on it, an exceedingly novel series of suggestions on the cepheid problem, these defects were probably aggravated by the first and alleviated by the second. I am much indebted to Kraft for working with me on a preliminary editing, to try to delete the side-excursions and to retain coherence about the main points. As usual, however, all responsibility for defects in final editing is wholly my own.)

C. The Continuous Spectrum of Pulsating Variable Stars

1967 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 177-206
Author(s):  
J. B. Oke ◽  
C. A. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Spectrum ◽  
Variable Stars ◽  
Velocity Fields ◽  
The Other ◽  
Line Spectrum ◽  
Direct Information ◽  
Thermodynamic Structure ◽  
Diagnostic Interpretation ◽  
Pulsating Variable Stars ◽  
The Continuum

Pecker:The topic to be considered today is the continuous spectrum of certain stars, whose variability we attribute to a pulsation of some part of their structure. Obviously, this continuous spectrum provides a test of the pulsation theory to the extent that the continuum is completely and accurately observed and that we can analyse it to infer the structure of the star producing it. The continuum is one of the two possible spectral observations; the other is the line spectrum. It is obvious that from studies of the continuum alone, we obtain no direct information on the velocity fields in the star. We obtain information only on the thermodynamic structure of the photospheric layers of these stars–the photospheric layers being defined as those from which the observed continuum directly arises. So the problems arising in a study of the continuum are of two general kinds: completeness of observation, and adequacy of diagnostic interpretation. I will make a few comments on these, then turn the meeting over to Oke and Whitney.

Observing programme for the 24-inch/36-inch Schmidt telescope

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 337
Author(s):  
W. Iwanowska
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Schmidt Telescope ◽  
Flint Glass

A new 24-inch/36-inch//3 Schmidt telescope, made by C. Zeiss, Jena, has been installed since 30 August 1962, at the N. Copernicus University Observatory in Toruń. It is equipped with two objective prisms, used separately, one of crown the other of flint glass, each of 5° refracting angle, giving dispersions of 560Å/mm and 250Å/ mm respectively.

A hard choice for Tomasello

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Pettit
Keyword(s):  
Joint Action ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hard Choice ◽  
Margaret Gilbert ◽  
Michael Bratman ◽  
Human Sense ◽  
Sense Of Obligation

Abstract Michael Tomasello explains the human sense of obligation by the role it plays in negotiating practices of acting jointly and the commitments they underwrite. He draws in his work on two models of joint action, one from Michael Bratman, the other from Margaret Gilbert. But Bratman's makes the explanation too difficult to succeed, and Gilbert's makes it too easy.

A study of cometary eruptions through OH radio-lines

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 249-254
Author(s):  
A.M. Silva ◽  
R.D. Miró
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Mass ◽  
Radio Lines ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sudden Rise

AbstractWe have developed a model for theH2OandOHevolution in a comet outburst, assuming that together with the gas, a distribution of icy grains is ejected. With an initial mass of icy grains of 108kg released, theH2OandOHproductions are increased up to a factor two, and the growth curves change drastically in the first two days. The model is applied to eruptions detected in theOHradio monitorings and fits well with the slow variations in the flux. On the other hand, several events of short duration appear, consisting of a sudden rise ofOHflux, followed by a sudden decay on the second day. These apparent short bursts are frequently found as precursors of a more durable eruption. We suggest that both of them are part of a unique eruption, and that the sudden decay is due to collisions that de-excite theOHmaser, when it reaches the Cometopause region located at 1.35 × 105kmfrom the nucleus.

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