Herrnstein's Equation: Data from 110 Rats

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1355-1361 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Bradshaw ◽  
E. Szabadi
Keyword(s):  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Response Strength ◽  
Reinforcement Rate ◽  
Half Maximum ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Hyperbolic Curve ◽  
Sucrose Reinforcement ◽  
Herrnstein's Equation

110 rats were trained under a series of variable-interval schedules of sucrose reinforcement (0.6 M, 50 μl), covering a wide range of scheduled interreinforcement intervals. Response and reinforcement rates recorded during the last five sessions of exposure to each schedule were used to fit Herrnstein's (1970) hyperbolic ‘response strength’ equation to the data from each rat The equation accounted for >80% of the data variance in 90%, and >90% of the variance in 60% of the sample. The distribution of the values of Rmax, the asymptote of the hyperbolic curve, did not depart significantly from normality. However, the distribution of the values of KH, the reinforcement rate needed to maintain the half-maximum response rate, was markedly skewed; logarithmically transformed values of KH conformed to a normal distribution. The data provide further support for the applicability of Herrnstein's equation to variable-interval performance; it is suggested that studies involving comparison of the parameters of the equation between groups of subjects should adopt logarithmic transformation of the values of KH.

Variable Precision Depth Encoding for 3D Range Geometry Compression

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (17) ◽  
pp. 34-1-34-7
Author(s):  
Matthew G. Finley ◽  
Tyler Bell
Keyword(s):  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Arbitrary Distribution ◽  
File Size ◽  
Geometry Compression ◽  
Variable Precision ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Encoding Method ◽  
Rgb Image ◽  
Color Channels

This paper presents a novel method for accurately encoding 3D range geometry within the color channels of a 2D RGB image that allows the encoding frequency—and therefore the encoding precision—to be uniquely determined for each coordinate. The proposed method can thus be used to balance between encoding precision and file size by encoding geometry along a normal distribution; encoding more precisely where the density of data is high and less precisely where the density is low. Alternative distributions may be followed to produce encodings optimized for specific applications. In general, the nature of the proposed encoding method is such that the precision of each point can be freely controlled or derived from an arbitrary distribution, ideally enabling this method for use within a wide range of applications.

Sucrose Concentration as Reinforcement for Lever Pressing by Monkeys

1956 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald G. Conrad ◽  
Murray Sidman
Keyword(s):  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Variable Interval Schedule ◽  
Interval Schedule ◽  
Satiation Effect ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Lever Pressing

3 rhesus monkeys were given various concentrations of sucrose for lever pressing on a variable interval schedule of reinforcement. 7 sucrose concentrations were studied at 2 levels of food deprivation. The response rates accelerated rapidly with increasing concentrations, and then declined after reaching a maximum, generally between 15 and 30% sucrose concentration. The decline was attributed to a satiation effect. The higher level of food deprivation tended to increase the response rate at all but the extreme high and low concentrations.

scholarly journals ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ПОКАЗНИКА ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ЕКСПЛУАТАЦІЇ ЗАСОБІВ ВИМІРЮВАЛЬНОЇ ТЕХНІКИ МЕТОДОМ КОМПʼЮТЕРНОГО МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ

2020 ◽  
pp. 166-169
Author(s):  
Олександр Володимирович Томашевський ◽  
Геннадій Валентинович Сніжной
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Distribution Function ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Failure Rate ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Operational Efficiency ◽  
Distribution Law ◽  
Maintenance System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Calibration Interval

The operational efficiency of measuring equipment (ME) is important in determining the cost of maintaining ME. To characterize the operational efficiency of the ME, an efficiency indicator has been introduced, an increase of which will reduce costs caused by the release of defective products due to the use of ME with unreliable indications. Over time, the ME parameters change under the influence of external factors and the ME aging processes inevitably occur, as a result of which the parameters of the ME metrological service system change. Therefore, in the general case, the parameters of the metrological maintenance system of ME should be considered as random variables. Accordingly, the efficiency indicator of measuring instruments is also a random variable, for the determination of which it is advisable to apply the methods of mathematical statistics and computer simulation. The performance indicator depends on the parameters of the metrological maintenance ME system, such as the calibration interval, the time spent by the ME on metrological maintenance, and the likelihood of ME failure-free operation. As a random variable, the efficiency indicator has a certain distribution function. To determine the distribution function of the efficiency indicator and the corresponding statistical characteristics, a computer simulation method was used. A study was made of the influence on the indicator of the effectiveness of the parameters of the metrological maintenance system ME (interesting interval, the failure rate of ME). The value of the verification interval and the failure rate of MEs varied over a wide range typical of real production. The time spent by ME on metrological services is considered as a random variable with a normal distribution law. To obtain random numbers with a normal distribution law, the Box-Muller method is used. After modeling, the statistical processing of the obtained results was done. It is shown that in real production, the efficiency indicator has a normal distribution law and the value of the efficiency indicator with an increase in the calibration interval does not practically change.

scholarly journals Targeted Palliative Radionuclide Therapy for Metastatic Bone Pain

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 2622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reyhaneh Manafi-Farid ◽  
Fardad Masoumi ◽  
Ghasemali Divband ◽  
Bahare Saidi ◽  
Bahar Ataeinia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radionuclide Therapy ◽  
Bone Pain ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Pain Palliation ◽  
Simultaneous Treatment ◽  
Bone Pain Palliation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Metastatic Bone Pain ◽  
Multiple Bone Metastases

Bone metastasis develops in multiple malignancies with a wide range of incidence. The presence of multiple bone metastases, leading to a multitude of complications and poorer prognosis. The corresponding refractory bone pain is still a challenging issue managed through multidisciplinary approaches to enhance the quality of life. Radiopharmaceuticals are mainly used in the latest courses of the disease. Bone-pain palliation with easy-to-administer radionuclides offers advantages, including simultaneous treatment of multiple metastatic foci, the repeatability and also the combination with other therapies. Several β¯- and α-emitters as well as pharmaceuticals, from the very first [89Sr]strontium-dichloride to recently introduced [223Ra]radium-dichloride, are investigated to identify an optimum agent. In addition, the combination of bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals with chemotherapy or radiotherapy has been employed to enhance the outcome. Radiopharmaceuticals demonstrate an acceptable response rate in pain relief. Nevertheless, survival benefits have been documented in only a limited number of studies. In this review, we provide an overview of bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals used for bone-pain palliation, their effectiveness and toxicity, as well as the results of the combination with other therapies. Bone-pain palliation with radiopharmaceuticals has been employed for eight decades. However, there are still new aspects yet to be established.

scholarly journals The Abbreviated Maslach Burnout Inventory Can Overestimate Burnout: A Study of Anesthesiology Residents

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Yen Lim ◽  
John Ong ◽  
Sharon Ong ◽  
Ying Hao ◽  
Hairil Rizal Abdullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Predictive Value ◽  
Operating Characteristic ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Maslach Burnout Inventory ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Clinical Correlation ◽  
Multiple Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Actual Prevalence

The Maslach Burnout Inventory for healthcare professionals (MBI-HSS) and its abbreviated version (aMBI), are the most common tools to detect burnout in clinicians. A wide range in burnout prevalence is reported in anesthesiology, so this study aimed to ascertain which of these two tools most accurately detected burnout in our anesthesiology residents. The MBI-HSS and aMBI were distributed amongst 86 residents across three hospitals, with a total of 58 residents completing the survey (67.4% response rate; 17 male and 41 female). Maslach-recommended cut-offs for the MBI-HSS and the aMBI with standard cut-offs were used to estimate burnout prevalence, and actual prevalence was established clinically by a thorough review of multiple data sources. Burnout proportions reported by the MBI-HSS and aMBI were found to be significantly different; 22.4% vs. 62.1% respectively (p < 0.0001). Compared to the actual prevalence of burnout in our cohort, the MBI-HSS detected burnout most accurately; area under receiver operating characteristic of 0.99 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.92–1.0). Although there was a good correlation between the MBI-HSS and aMBI subscale scores, the positive predictive value of the aMBI was poor; 33.3% (95% CI:27.5–39.8%), therefore caution and clinical correlation are advised when using the aMBI tool because of the high rates of false-positives.

How to identify housing bubbles? A decision support model

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charalambos Pitros ◽  
Yusuf Arayici
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Decision Support Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Housing Bubbles ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Support Model

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a decision support model for the early diagnosis of housing bubbles in the UK during the maturity process of the phenomenon. Design/methodology/approach The development process of the model is divided into four stages. These stages are driven by the normal distribution theorem coupled with the case study approach. The application of normal distribution theory is allowed through the usage of several parametric tools. The case studies tested in this research include the last two UK housing bubbles, 1986 to 1989 and 2001/2002 to 2007. The central hypothesis of the model is that during housing bubbles, all speculative activities of market participants follow an approximate synchronisation, and therefore, an irrational, synchronous and periodic increase on a wide range of relevant variables must occur to anticipate the bubble component. An empirical application of the model is conducted on UK housing market data over the period of 1983-2011. Findings The new approach successfully identifies the well-known UK historical bubble episodes over the period of 1983-2011. The study further determines that for uncovering housing bubbles in the UK, house price changes have the same weight with the debt–burden ratio when their velocity is positive. Finally, the application of this model has led us to conclude that the model’s outputs fluctuate approximately in line with phases of the UK real estate cycle. Originality/value This paper proposes a new measure for studying the presence of housing bubbles. This measure is not simply an ex post detection technique but dating algorithms that use data only up to the point of analysis for an on-going bubble assessment, giving an early warning diagnostic that can assist market participants and regulators in market monitoring.

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