scholarly journals EFFECTS OF VARIATIONS IN LOCAL REINFORCEMENT RATE ON LOCAL RESPONSE RATE IN VARIABLE INTERVAL SCHEDULES

1981 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian C. Leslie
Keyword(s):  
Response Rate ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Reinforcement Rate ◽  
Local Response ◽  
Local Response Rate

Herrnstein's Equation: Data from 110 Rats

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1355-1361 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Bradshaw ◽  
E. Szabadi
Keyword(s):  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Response Strength ◽  
Reinforcement Rate ◽  
Half Maximum ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Hyperbolic Curve ◽  
Sucrose Reinforcement ◽  
Herrnstein's Equation

110 rats were trained under a series of variable-interval schedules of sucrose reinforcement (0.6 M, 50 μl), covering a wide range of scheduled interreinforcement intervals. Response and reinforcement rates recorded during the last five sessions of exposure to each schedule were used to fit Herrnstein's (1970) hyperbolic ‘response strength’ equation to the data from each rat The equation accounted for >80% of the data variance in 90%, and >90% of the variance in 60% of the sample. The distribution of the values of Rmax, the asymptote of the hyperbolic curve, did not depart significantly from normality. However, the distribution of the values of KH, the reinforcement rate needed to maintain the half-maximum response rate, was markedly skewed; logarithmically transformed values of KH conformed to a normal distribution. The data provide further support for the applicability of Herrnstein's equation to variable-interval performance; it is suggested that studies involving comparison of the parameters of the equation between groups of subjects should adopt logarithmic transformation of the values of KH.

scholarly journals Photodynamic therapy (PDT) pada penderita karsinoma nasofaring: kajian angka harapan hidup

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Sagung Rai Indrasari ◽  
Bambang Hariwiyanto ◽  
Indwiani Astuti ◽  
Soenarto Sastrowijoto
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Local Response ◽  
Treatment Results ◽  
Delayed Treatment ◽  
Local Response Rate ◽  
Surgery Department

Latar belakang: Terapi karsinoma nasofaring (KNF) yang adekuat dan efektif tidak selalu tercapaidi negara berkembang. Ketersediaan alat radioterapi yang tidak seimbang dengan jumlah penderita KNFmenyebabkan keterlambatan jadwal terapi, sehingga berakibat pada buruknya hasil terapi. Alternatifterapi lain perlu dikembangkan untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut. Photodynamic therapy (PDT)telah digunakan untuk terapi tambahan pada berbagai kanker, termasuk KNF residu maupun rekuren.Tujuan: Mengetahui respon terapi lokal dan angka harapan hidup 5 tahun penderita KNF residu ataurekuren yang mendapatkan PDT.Metode: Kohort retrospektif dengan data rekam medis penderita KNFresidu atau rekuren yang mendapatkan PDT di Departemen THT-KL RSUP Dr. Sardjito Yogyakarta tahun2005–2011.Hasil: Local response rate sebesar 83,9% dan angka harapan hidup 5 tahun penderita sebesar60,7%. Angka harapan hidup 5 tahun penderita laki-laki lebih tinggi (73,5%) dibandingkan penderitaperempuan (42,2%), perbedaan ini bermakna secara statistik (p=0,045). Angka harapan hidup 5 tahunpenderita berusia <40 tahun lebih tinggi (76,2%) dibandingkan penderita berusia > 40 tahun (53,0%),meskipun tidak signifikan (p=0,417). Angka harapan hidup penderita yang masih terdapat tumor padanasofaring lebih baik (80%) dibandingkan penderita dengan hasil biopsi nasofaring negatif (57,8%),namun tidak signifikan (p=0,638). Angka harapan hidup penderita berdasarkan stadium saat ditegakkandiagnosis KNF, penderita stadium awal mempunyai angka harapan hidup lebih kecil (53,3%) dibandingkanpenderita stadium lanjut (62,1%), meskipun tidak signifikan (p=0,521).Kesimpulan: Local responserate PDT 83,9% dan angka harapan hidup 5 tahun sebesar 60,7%. PDT merupakan modalitas terapi yangefektif untuk KNF residu maupun rekuren. Kata kunci: Karsinoma nasofaring, photodynamic therapy, angka harapan hidup ABSTRACTBackground: Adequate and effective nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treatment cannot bereached in developing countries. The lack of radiotherapy apparatus cause delayed treatment thatbring about bad treatment results. An alternative treatment modality should be created to overcome theproblem. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been conducted for many malignancies including recurrentor residual NPC. Purpose: To find out the local response rate and 5-year overall survival amongrecurrent or residual NPC patients who got PDT. Method: Retrospective cohort, data was taken frommedical records of patients with PDT in ENT-H&N Surgery Department Sardjito Hospital since 2005until 2011. Results: Local response rate was 83.9%. Five-year overall survival was 6.7%. The 5-yearoverall survival among men was significantly higher than women (73.5%:42.2%) p=0.045. The 5-yearoverall survival among patients <40 years old was higher than patients > 40 years old (76.2%:53.0%)even though it was not significant (p=0.417). The 5-year overall survival among patients with tumor washigher than patients without tumor (80%:57.8%) although it was not significant (p=0.638). The 5-yearoverall survival among patients with previous early stage NPC was lower than previous advanced stage (53.3%:62.1%) although it was not significant (p=0.521). Conclusion: Local response rate of PDT was83.9% and the 5-year overall survival was 60.7%. PDT was found as an effective treatment modalityfor recurrent or residual NPC. Keywords: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, photodynamic therapy, 5-year overall survival

scholarly journals Radiosensitizing Chemotherapy (Irinotecan) with Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for the Treatment of Inoperable Liver and/or Lung Metastases of Colorectal Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
Loïg Vaugier ◽  
Xavier Mirabel ◽  
Isabelle Martel-Lafay ◽  
Séverine Racadot ◽  
Christian Carrie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Lung Metastases ◽  
Local Response ◽  
Phase 2 Trial ◽  
Heavily Pretreated ◽  
Eortc Qlq C30 ◽  
Eortc Qlq ◽  
Local Response Rate

Background: Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is a recognized treatment for colorectal cancer (CRC) metastases. We postulated that local responses could be improved by SBRT with a concomitant radiosensitizing agent (irinotecan). Methods: RADIOSTEREO-CAMPTO was a prospective multi-center phase 2 trial investigating SBRT (40–48 Gy in 4 fractions) for liver and/or lung inoperable CRC oligometastases (≤3), combined with two weekly intravenous infusions of 40 mg/m2 Irinotecan. Primary outcome was the objective local response rate as per RECIST. Secondary outcomes were early and late toxicities, EORTC QLQ-C30 quality of life, local control and overall survival. Results: Forty-four patients with 51 lesions (liver = 39, lungs = 12) were included. Median age was 69 years (46–84); 37 patients (84%) had received at least two prior chemotherapy treatments. Median follow-up was 48.9 months. One patient with two lung lesions was lost during follow-up. Assuming maximum bias hypothesis, the objective local response rate in ITT was 86.3% (44/51—95% CI: [76.8–95.7]) or 82.4% (42/51—95% CI: [71.9–92.8]). The observed local response rate was 85.7% (42/49—95% CI: [75.9–95.5]). The 1 and 2-year local (distant) progression-free survivals were 84.2% (38.4%) and 67.4% (21.3%), respectively. The 1 and 2-year overall survivals were 97.5% and 75.5%. There were no severe acute or late reactions. The EORTC questionnaire scores did not significantly worsen during or after treatment. Conclusions: SBRT with irinotecan was well tolerated with promising results despite heavily pretreated patients.

Sucrose Concentration as Reinforcement for Lever Pressing by Monkeys

1956 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald G. Conrad ◽  
Murray Sidman
Keyword(s):  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Variable Interval Schedule ◽  
Interval Schedule ◽  
Satiation Effect ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Lever Pressing

3 rhesus monkeys were given various concentrations of sucrose for lever pressing on a variable interval schedule of reinforcement. 7 sucrose concentrations were studied at 2 levels of food deprivation. The response rates accelerated rapidly with increasing concentrations, and then declined after reaching a maximum, generally between 15 and 30% sucrose concentration. The decline was attributed to a satiation effect. The higher level of food deprivation tended to increase the response rate at all but the extreme high and low concentrations.

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