Developmental Analysis of Sex Differences in Categorical Organization

1995 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 883-890
Author(s):  
Mary W. Mwangi
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Free Recall ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Single Trial ◽  
Free Recall Task ◽  
Developmental Trends ◽  
Standard Instruction ◽  
Developmental Analysis

Sex differences in recall and categorical organization of 180 children in Grades 2, 4, and 6 were investigated for a single-trial free-recall task. A memory task composed of 20 items from five conceptual categories was individually administered to each subject under standard instruction. Analysis suggested differential developmental trends for boys and girls. Significant sex differences in recall were obtained in Grade 6 only, with 36 boys showing better recall than 36 girls. An initial male developmental lag in clustering was evident in Grade 2, but no significant sex differences in Grade 4. By Grade 6 boys showed superior clustering. It is concluded that girls and boys show different developmental trends in categorical organization. The developmental trends in the pattern of sex differences in categorical organization obtained in this study are discussed in relation to patterns reported in previous studies.

Sex Differences in Working Memory

2008 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 214-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Harness ◽  
Lorri Jacot ◽  
Shauna Scherf ◽  
Adam White ◽  
Jason E. Warnick
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Verbal Working Memory ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Free Recall Task ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Distraction Condition ◽  
Distraction Task

In two separate studies, sex differences in modal-specific elements of working memory were investigated by utilizing words and pictures as stimuli. Groups of men and women performed a free-recall task of words or pictures in which 20 items were presented concurrently and the number of correct items recalled was measured. Following stimulus presentation, half of the participants were presented a verbal-based distraction task. On the verbal working-memory task, performance of men and women was not significantly different in the no-distraction condition. However, in the distraction condition, women's recall was significantly lower than their performance in the no-distraction condition and men's performance in the distraction condition. These findings are consistent with previous research and point to sex differences in cognitive ability putatively resulting from functional neuroanatomical dissimilarities. On the visual working-memory task, women showed significantly greater recall than men. These findings are inconsistent with previous research and underscore the need for further research.

Acquisition and Clustering in Multiple-Trial Free Recall as a Function of Meaningfulness of Dissyllables

1973 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
Marianne W. Segal ◽  
Gayle A. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Free Recall Task ◽  
Superior Recall ◽  
Associative Relatedness

Lists of 10 dissyllables varying in meaningfulness were presented to subjects in a multiple-trial free recall task. Measures of recall and clustering showed superior recall and greater amounts of clustering for the high-meaningful list than for the low-meaningful list. Differential item integration and associative relatedness were mechanisms employed to explain the differences.

scholarly journals Incidental information processing and verbal intelligence

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-19
Author(s):  
E.V. Gavrilova ◽  
S.S. Belova
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Free Recall ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Processing Conditions ◽  
Verbal Information ◽  
Verbal Intelligence ◽  
Free Recall Task ◽  
Creative Task ◽  
Verbal Tasks

This article aims to reveal interaction between verbal intelligence and efficiency of intentional and incidental verbal information processing. Participants were exposed to pairs of words about which they have to decide whether a city name was presented in each pair. Thus, semantics of words was processed intentionally, whereas their phonemic features (rhymed vs. unrhymed pairs) were processed incidentally. The efficiency of stimuli processing was estimated in two different cognitive tasks – word free-recall task and word usage in new creative task. It was found that verbal intelligence was positively correlated with number of recalled stimuli which were congruent to both intentional and incidental processing conditions. Moreover, verbal intelligence was positively correlated with usage of incongruent stimuli which were processed incidentally in creative task. The results are discussed in terms of contemporary frameworks of information processing in verbal tasks.

scholarly journals It matters how to recall – task differences in retrieval practice

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 699-728
Author(s):  
Tino Endres ◽  
Lena Kranzdorf ◽  
Vivien Schneider ◽  
Alexander Renkl
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Retrieval Practice ◽  
Situational Interest ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Expository Texts ◽  
Free Recall Task ◽  
Short Answer ◽  
Task Differences ◽  
Calibration Free ◽  
Metacognitive Calibration

AbstractThe type of a recall task may substantially influence the effects of learning by retrieval practice. In a within-subject design, 54 university students studied two expository texts, followed by retrieval practice with either short-answer tasks (targeted retrieval) or a free-recall task (holistic retrieval). Concerning the direct effects of retrieval practice, short-answer tasks led to increased retention of directly retrieved targeted information from the learning contents, whereas free-recall tasks led to better retention of further information from the learning contents. Concerning indirect effects, short-answer tasks improved metacognitive calibration; free-recall tasks increased self-efficacy and situational interest. These findings confirm the assumption that the effects of retrieval practice depend on the type of recall task: short-answer tasks help us remember targeted information units and foster metacognitive calibration. Free-recall tasks help us remember a broader spectrum of information, and they foster motivational factors.

Investigating predictors of trauma induced data-driven processing and its impact on attention bias and free recall

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 646-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
John-Paul Corrigan ◽  
Donncha Hanna ◽  
Kevin F.W. Dyer
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Attention Bias ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Free Recall Task ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Memory Integration ◽  
Analogue Trauma

AbstractBackground:Whilst data-driven processing (DDP) during trauma has been shown to play a role in poor memory integration and is associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) re-experiencing symptoms, the pre-trauma risk factors and related cognitive mechanisms are uncertain.Aims:This experimental study aimed to investigate predictors of peri-traumatic DDP, as well as its role in attention bias to threat and free recall.Method:A virtual reality video was used to simulate an analogue trauma. Questionnaires, a free recall task, and an eye-tracking measure assessed cognitive changes after exposure.Results:Regression analysis demonstrated that trait dissociation at pre-exposure to trauma significantly predicted DDP. Attention bias towards threat-related images was found. Results showed that DDP and poorer free recall predicted attention bias to threat images and higher levels of DDP actually predicted higher overall scores in the free recall task.Conclusions:This study showed that DDP is strongly linked to dissociative traits, and along with memory disintegration it may predict attention changes after exposure to a trauma.

Locus of Control and Recall of Death-Related versus Neutral Words

1984 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 819-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Gilligan ◽  
Michael R. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Free Recall ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
External Locus ◽  
Free Recall Task ◽  
Internal Locus ◽  
Internal Locus Of Control ◽  
Control Orientation ◽  
External Locus Of Control

The present study examined the hypothesis that subjects with an external locus of control orientation would exhibit more anxiety when given a free-recall task involving death-related words than would subjects with an internal locus of control orientation. The hypothesis was confirmed in that external subjects required significantly more trials to recall correctly death-related words than did internal subjects. The results suggested that locus of control orientation and death-related stimuli interact to produce the interference observed on the free-recall task.

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