Interactive Effects of Physical Attractiveness in Advertisements

1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1403-1410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takayoshi Onodera ◽  
Masaki Miura
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Physical Attractiveness ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
Women Subjects

Interactive effects between the physical attractiveness of models and the attributes of advertisements were investigated with 186 undergraduate students. We hypothesized that, while an attractive model would be judged to be appropriate for the advertisement for feminine types of products, an unattractive model would be perceived to be appropriate for the advertisement of masculine types of products. As a feminine type of product and a masculine type of product, we used a diet drink and stamina drink. Each drink was considered appropriate for each sex in Japan. The experimental design was 3 (attractive model/no model/unattractive model) x 2 (drink for women/drink for men) x 2 (sex of subjects). Being presented a fabricated drink advertisement with a photograph of the model, the subjects were asked to evaluate the same points, including appropriateness, for the model, products and advertisement. Analysis supported the interactive hypothesis only concerning women subjects. It is suggested that there is a consistent difference in perception by sex group in Japan.

Regulation of PaCO2 and ventilation in humans inspiring low levels of CO2

1982 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. V. Forster ◽  
J. P. Klein ◽  
L. H. Hamilton ◽  
J. P. Kampine
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
Arterial Pco2 ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Apparent Reason ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Isocapnic Hyperpnea ◽  
Sensory Mechanism

This study was designed to determine whether 1) arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) increases when inspired PCO2 (PICO2) is increased from less than 0.4 Torr (eupnea) to 7 or 14 Torr, and 2) ventilatory sensitivity to CO2 (delta VE/ delta PaCO2) is greater at low levels of PICO2 (7–21 Torr) than it is at higher levels (28–42 Torr). Human subjects were studied while seated in an environmental chamber that permitted alteration of PICO2 by changing the chamber PCO2. In study 1, arterial blood was sampled over the final 5 min of a eupneic period and again 10–15 min later when PICO2 was 7 or 14 Torr. With this protocol, PACO2 was increased above eupnea by 0.7 (P less than 0.02) and 0.9 Torr (P less than 0.01) when PICO2 was 7 and 14 Torr, respectively. In study 2, arterial blood was sampled every 5 min during two 1-h periods of eupnea that were separated by 3 h during which PICO2 was increased by 7 Torr each 0.5 h. With this protocol there was no consistent difference in PACO2 between eupneic periods and periods when PICO2 was 7–14 Torr. There was a progressively increased hypercapnia as PICO2 was increased from 7 to 42 Torr. The delta VE/ delta PaCO2 was less than half for data obtained at low relative to high PICO2. The two studies demonstrated that measurement error and physiologic variation necessitate using a “powerful” experimental design (study 1) to detect small increases in PaCO2. On the basis of these results, we have concluded that there is no apparent reason to postulate a sensory mechanism other than the carotid and intracranial chemoreceptors to account for the hyperpnea during CO2 inhalation. Specifically, isocapnic hyperpnea probably does not occur.

scholarly journals Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Based Preconcentration of Selected Pesticides and Escitalopram Oxalate, Haloperidol, and Olanzapine from Wastewater Samples Prior to Determination by GC-MS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gamze Dalgıç Bozyiğit ◽  
Merve Fırat Ayyıldız ◽  
Dotse Selali Chormey ◽  
Güleda Onkal Engin ◽  
Sezgin Bakırdere
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Industrial Chemicals ◽  
Linear Calibration ◽  
Optimum Parameters ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Dispersive Liquid Liquid Microextraction ◽  
Liquid Microextraction

Abstract Background Determination of emerging pollutants including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, industrial chemicals and hormones in different environmental samples is very important for human health. Objective Experimental design enabled parameters to be evaluated for their effects onextraction output as well as their interactive effects. Method A multivariate experimental design was used to attain optimum conditions of a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method for preconcentration of pesticides and pharmaceuticals for determination by GC-MS. Results The optimum parameters suggested by the design model were 200 µL of chloroform, 1.96 mL of ethanol, and 40 s vortexing period. LOD and LOQ were calculated using linear calibration plots of the analytes developed in the standard concentration range of 2.0 μg/L–2.0 mg/L. Conclusions Enhancement in detection power of the analytes recorded by the optimized method with respect to direct GC-MS determination (based on LOD values) was in the range of 3.6 and 539 folds. Spiked recovery experiments for municipal, medical, and synthetic wastewater samples yielded low recovery results when calculated against aqueous standard solutions. Matrix matched calibration standards were used to mitigate interferences from the waste samples and the percent recoveries obtained were close to 100%. This established accuracy and applicability of the developed method. Highlights The detection limits were found between 0.50 ng/mL and 37 ng/mL. An accurate, simple and sensitive analytical method was developed for the analytes.

An Experimental Investigation of the Perceived Credibility of Complainants of Sexual Revictimization: Disbelief and Victim-Blame

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 992-1010
Author(s):  
Nadia M. Wager
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Victim Blame ◽  
Mental Health Issue ◽  
Sexual Revictimization ◽  
History Of Childhood ◽  
History Of ◽  
Adult Sexual Assault

This study investigated whether attitudes toward a complainant of sexual assault are affected by the knowledge that the complainant had previously made a similar allegation. This was a 3 (previous allegation; none, child sexual assault or adult sexual assault) × 2 (whether the previous allegation was substantiated) × 2 (the implied mental health status of the complainant; mental health issue vs. none) multifactorial, experimental study, employing independent-measures and hypothetical vignettes depicting stranger rape scenarios. The dependent variables were victim-blame and believability. The participants were 243 female undergraduate students. A multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) revealed several main and interactive effects. Allegations of sexual revictimization were associated with different levels of victim-blame and believability depending on when the previous assault occurred. A history of childhood sexual assault reduced the believability of the complainant and when combined with other factors increased the tendency to attribute victim-blame.

Effects of Overt Verbalization of Information before and after Instance Selection on Concept Attainment

1973 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-464
Author(s):  
James D. McKinney
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Instance Selection ◽  
Concept Attainment ◽  
Conjunctive Concept ◽  
Sex Type ◽  
Random Form ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ordered Array

60 undergraduate students solved four conjunctive concept attainment problems. The experimental design varied sex, type of array, and type of verbalization. The stimulus arrays were either in ordered or random form, and Ss were instructed to either verbalize the information they expected to gain prior to a card choice, the information they obtained from their card choice, or were given no verbalization instructions. Under the ordered array, males who verbalized after instance selection showed better performance than those who verbalized prior to instance selection. When the stimuli were randomly arranged, males who verbalized before instance selection were superior to those who verbalized after instance selection. Both verbalization procedures facilitated the performance of females under the ordered array; however, when the stimuli were randomly arranged, verbalization either interfered with or had no effect on performance.

scholarly journals Instructor Response to Uncivil Behaviors in the Classroom: An Application of Politeness Theory

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Yrisarry ◽  
Lindsay Neuberger ◽  
Ann Neville Miller
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Student Perceptions ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Politeness Theory ◽  
Student Incivility ◽  
Uncivil Behaviors ◽  
Classroom Incivility

We investigated student perceptions of instructor responses to classroom incivility with a 2 (passive or active student incivility) x 2 (instructor avoidance or bald-on-record response) experimental design. Undergraduate students (n = 281) were randomly assigned to view one of four videos of an incivility incident. They then evaluated the instructor’s behavior with respect to her credibility (competence, caring, and trustworthiness) and effectiveness, as well as how motivating the instructor was. Results indicated that when students in the video engaged in active incivility, bald-on-record responses in comparison to avoidance were considered to be more motivating and effective, and resulted in higher perceptions of instructor caring and trustworthiness. In the passive incivility condition, instructor response did not predict any outcome variable except trustworthiness.

scholarly journals Consumer Attitudes Toward Advertisement and Brand, Based on the Number of Endorsers and Product Involvement: An Experimental Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanti Handriana ◽  
Wahyu Rahman Wisandiko
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Consumer Attitudes ◽  
Celebrity Endorsement ◽  
Product Involvement ◽  
Factorial Experimental Design ◽  
Celebrity Endorsements ◽  
Advertising Industry

Utilizing endorsers in the advertising industry to promote products is currently on the rise, and employing celebrities as the endorsers is still the marketers’ favorite method. This study aims to analyze the influence of the number of endorsers and the product’s involvement on the consumers’ attitude towards the advertisement and the brand. The research’s approach used a 2x2 factorial experimental design. A total of 120 undergraduate students, who were further divided into 4 groups, were selected as the respondents of this study. The results show the differences in consumer attitudes towards advertisements and the brand, based on the number of endorsers and the product’s involvement. The study also reveals that if there is low involvement with the product, multiple celebrity endorsements will generate a better consumers’ attitude towards it than a single celebrity endorsement. Multiple celebrity endorsements will also generate a better attitude among the consumers towards the brand than a single celebrity endorsement will produce.

scholarly journals Reflecting on Graphs: Attributes of Graph Choice and Construction Practices in Biology

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. ar53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aakanksha Angra ◽  
Stephanie M. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Education Reform ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Biology Education ◽  
Scientific Practices ◽  
Undergraduate Biology ◽  
Student Difficulties ◽  
Competence Framework

Undergraduate biology education reform aims to engage students in scientific practices such as experimental design, experimentation, and data analysis and communication. Graphs are ubiquitous in the biological sciences, and creating effective graphical representations involves quantitative and disciplinary concepts and skills. Past studies document student difficulties with graphing within the contexts of classroom or national assessments without evaluating student reasoning. Operating under the metarepresentational competence framework, we conducted think-aloud interviews to reveal differences in reasoning and graph quality between undergraduate biology students, graduate students, and professors in a pen-and-paper graphing task. All professors planned and thought about data before graph construction. When reflecting on their graphs, professors and graduate students focused on the function of graphs and experimental design, while most undergraduate students relied on intuition and data provided in the task. Most undergraduate students meticulously plotted all data with scaled axes, while professors and some graduate students transformed the data, aligned the graph with the research question, and reflected on statistics and sample size. Differences in reasoning and approaches taken in graph choice and construction corroborate and extend previous findings and provide rich targets for undergraduate and graduate instruction.

scholarly journals Service role and outcome as moderators in intercultural service encounters

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piyush Sharma ◽  
Jackie L.M. Tam ◽  
Namwoon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Service Quality ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Cultural Distance ◽  
Service Failure ◽  
Service Encounters ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Service Employees ◽  
Service Role

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to introduce a comprehensive framework incorporating service roles (customer vs employee) and outcomes (failure vs success) as moderators in the process by which perceived cultural distance (PCD) affects customers and employees in intercultural service encounters (ICSEs). Design/methodology/approach – The authors used a 2×2×3 between-subjects experimental design with Chinese undergraduate students, manipulating service role (customer and employee), outcome (failure and success) and PCD (low, medium and high). Findings – Compared to service employees, customers perceive higher cultural distance and lower interaction comfort (IC), service quality and satisfaction; and stronger negative moderating effect of PCD in ICSEs. Compared to service success, failure results in lower IC; perceived service quality and satisfaction, and these effects are stronger for customers (vs employees). Research limitations/implications – The authors used shorter versions of all the scales to minimize participant fatigue and to increase their involvement along with an experimental design with imaginary service scenario, both of which may restrict the generalizability of the findings. Practical implications – Service managers should focus on customer education and employee training to reduce the negative impact of PCD and prevent service failure rather than try to improve service quality and satisfaction beyond customers’ expectations. Originality/value – The authors extend prior research by exploring the moderating effects of service role (customer vs employee) and outcome (success vs failure) on the direct and indirect effects of PCD on IC, service quality and satisfaction.

scholarly journals Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Gene Val158Met Polymorphism Moderates the Effect of Social Exclusion and Inclusion on Aggression in Men: Findings From a Mixed Experimental Design

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meiping Wang ◽  
Pian Chen ◽  
Hang Li ◽  
Andrew Haddon Kemp ◽  
Wenxin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Mixed Design ◽  
Gene Environment Interaction ◽  
Val158met Polymorphism ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Methyltransferase Gene ◽  
Aggressive Motivation ◽  
Group Variable

Accumulating research has identified the interactive effects of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene Val158Met polymorphism and environmental factors on aggression. However, available evidence was mainly based upon correlational design, which yields mixed findings concerning who (Val vs. Met carriers) are more affected by environmental conditions and has been challenged for the low power of analyses on gene–environment interaction. Drawing on a mixed design, we scrutinized how COMT Val158Met polymorphism (between-group variable) impacts on aggression, assessed by hostility, aggressive motivation, and aggressive behavior, under different social conditions (exclusion vs. inclusion, within-group variable) in a sample of 70 Chinese male undergraduate students. We found that both Val/Val homozygote and Met alleles carriers showed differences in the feelings of hostility and aggressive motivation under conditions of exclusion versus inclusion, but these differences were more pronounced for Met allele carriers. These findings implied that COMT Val158Met polymorphism did not respond to environmental stimuli in an all-or-none way and shed light on the importance of examining the gene–environment interaction using a mixed design.

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