scholarly journals The Effects of Deoxynivalenol (DON) on the Gut Microbiota, Morphology and Immune System of Chicken – A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry A. Aguzey ◽  
Zhenhua Gao ◽  
Wu Haohao ◽  
Cheng Guilan ◽  
Wu Zhengmin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Epoxide Group ◽  
Peptidyl Transferase ◽  
Ribosomal Subunits ◽  
Adequate Knowledge

AbstractFeed contamination is a major cause of diseases outbreak in the poultry industry. There is a direct relationship between feeding, the intestinal microbiota and how the immune system responds to disease infestation. Cereals which form the bulk of poultry feed are mostly contaminated by mycotoxins of Fusarium origin. Adequate knowledge of mycotoxins and their effects on animals is necessary. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a major contaminant of poultry feed. DON has the ability to bind with a large number of eukaryotic ribosomal subunits because of the presence of an epoxide group and these disrupt the activity of peptidyl transferase and the elongation or shortening of peptide chains. Deoxynivalenol has varying effect ranging from acute, overt diseases with high morbidity and death to chronic disease, decreased resistance to pathogens and reduced animal productivity. Deoxynivalenol also impairs the intestinal morphology, nutrient absorption, barrier function, and the innate immune response in chickens. This review highlights the impacts of deoxynivalenol on the immune system, intestinal microbiota composition and the morphology of chicken.

scholarly journals Microbial Sensing by the Intestinal Epithelium in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Scharl ◽  
Gerhard Rogler
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Intestinal Inflammation ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Recent years have raised evidence that the intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory bowels diseases. This evidence comes from several observations. First, animals raised under germ-free conditions do not develop intestinal inflammation in several different model systems. Second, antibiotics are able to modulate the course of experimental colitis. Third, genetic polymorphisms in a variety of genes of the innate immune system have been associated with chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases. Dysfunction of these molecules results in an inappropriate response to bacterial and antigenic stimulation of the innate immune system in the gastrointestinal tract. Variants of pattern recognition receptors such as NOD2 or TLRs by which commensal and pathogenic bacteria can be detected have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of IBD. But not only pathways of microbial detection but also intracellular ways of bacterial processing such as autophagosome function are associated with the risk to develop Crohn's disease. Thus, the “environment concept” and the “genetic concept” of inflammatory bowel disease pathophysiology are converging via the intestinal microbiota and the recognition mechanisms for an invasion of members of the microbiota into the mucosa.

scholarly journals The coagulation system and its function in early immune defense

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (10) ◽  
pp. 640-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom van der Poll ◽  
Heiko Herwald
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Blood Coagulation ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Coagulation System ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies

SummaryBlood coagulation has a Janus-faced role in infectious diseases. When systemically activated, it can cause serious complications associated with high morbidity and mortality. However, coagulation is also part of the innate immune system and its local activation has been found to play an important role in the early host response to infection. Though the latter aspect has been less investigated, phylogenetic studies have shown that many factors involved in coagulation have ancestral origins which are often combined with anti-microbial features. This review gives a general overview about the most recent advances in this area of research also referred to as immunothrombosis.

scholarly journals The Squeaky Yeast Gets Greased: The Roles of Host Lipids in the Clearance of Pathogenic Fungi

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Gaelen Guzman ◽  
Patrick Niekamp ◽  
Fikadu Geta Tafesse
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Phagocytic Uptake

Fungal infections remain a global health threat with high morbidity and mortality. The human immune system must, therefore, perpetually defend against invasive fungal infections. Phagocytosis is critical for the clearance of fungal pathogens, as this cellular process allows select immune cells to internalize and destroy invading fungal cells. While much is known about the protein players that enable phagocytosis, the various roles that lipids play during this fundamental innate immune process are still being illuminated. In this review, we describe recent discoveries that shed new light on the mechanisms by which host lipids enable the phagocytic uptake and clearance of fungal pathogens.

scholarly journals NLRP3 Inflammasome in the Pathophysiology of Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 582-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujie Luo ◽  
Cesar Reis ◽  
Sheng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Nlrp3 Inflammasome ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Pyrin Domain ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines

Hemorrhagic stroke is a devastating disease with high morbidity and mortality. There is still a lack of effective therapeutic approach. The recent studies have shown that the innate immune system plays a significant role in hemorrhagic stroke. Microglia, as major components in innate immune system, are activated and then can release cytokines and chemokines in response to hemorrhagic stroke, and ultimately led to neuroinflammation and brain injury. The NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is predominantly released by microglia and is believed as the main contributor of neuroinflammation. Several studies have focused on the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in hemorrhagic stroke-induced brain injury, however, the specific mechanism of NLRP3 activation and regulation remains unclear. This review summarized the mechanism of NLRP3 activation and its role in hemorrhagic stroke and discussed the translational significance.

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