The Control of Cigarette Smoke Deliveries Using Heat-Shrinkable Films

1975 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Crellin ◽  
G. O. Brooks ◽  
H. G. Horsewell
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Cellulose Acetate ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Total Particulate Matter ◽  
Puff Volume ◽  
Cigarette Paper ◽  
High Degree

AbstractA ventilating filter for cigarettes has been developed which reduces the delivery of smoke constituents from the final two to three puffs. Since the normaI delivery for these three puffs can account for up to half the total particulate matter and nicotine delivered by the whole cigarette, usefuI reductions per cigarette can be produced. The ventilating filter consists of cellulose acetate tow wrapped in heat-shrinkable film and attached to a tobacco rod using perforated tipping paper. When the cigarette is smoked, the perforations remain closed by contact with the impermeable film until transfer of heat to the filter is sufficient to soften the filter tow and shrink the film. Ventilating air now enters the cigarette and reduces the smoke deliveries. The effectiveness of the ventilating filter is increased by using films which have a low shrink temperature, high shrink tension and a high degree of biaxiaI shrinkage. Increases in filter plasticiser level, tipping perforation area and puff volume improve the effectiveness of the ventilating filter but increases in cigarette paper porosity and tobacco butt length reduce the effectiveness

scholarly journals A Method for Measuring the Elution of Nicotine and Total Particulate Matter from a Cigarette Filter

1973 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Curran ◽  
J.E. Kiefer
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Cellulose Acetate ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Total Particulate Matter ◽  
Cigarette Filter ◽  
Burning Zone ◽  
Minor Factor ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Cellulose Acetate Filter

AbstractA method was developed to measure the amount of an SV smoke component captured by a filter for at least the duration of a puff and eluted from the filter by subsequent puffs of cigarette smoke. It was concluded that the size of the filament affects the elution of nicotine by a cellulose acetate filter and that the elution phenomenon is an important factor in the filtration mechanism of nicotine and a minor factor in the filtration mechanism of TPM. Due to condensation, there is a buildup of nicotine and TPM within 5 mm of the burning zone. This accounts for some of the increased delivery of nicotine and TPM observed when the last portion of the cigarette is smoked

scholarly journals Composition Studies on Tobacco: XLV. Use of Cigarette Additives to Alter the Composition and Reducing Properties of Cigarette Smoke

1972 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Lakritz ◽  
E.D. Strange ◽  
D.G. Bailey ◽  
R.L. Stedman
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Composition Studies ◽  
Sodium Thiosulfate ◽  
Rapid Reduction ◽  
Total Particulate Matter ◽  
Nicotine Content ◽  
Reducing Capacity ◽  
Reducing Properties ◽  
Reducing Potential

AbstractThe reducing potential of fresh cigarette smoke can be modified by the use of certain oxidants and reductants. The influence of these additives on smoke may be monitored by employing a system which measures changes in EMF on a puff by puff basis. The addition of the oxidant 1,4-benzoquinone to tobacco eliminates the rapid reduction in potential which normally takes place when an untreated cigarette is smoked. The addition of the benzoquinone alters the composition of the smoke by increasing the levels of the total particulate matter and possibly the phenols, while decreasing the nicotine content without affecting the amount of benzo[a]pyrene formed. The addition of sodium thiosulfate to tobacco causes a significant increase in the reducing capacity of cigarette smoke. It also brings about increases in the smoke BAP, phenols and TPM. The level of nicotine in these cigarettes, however, is lowered.

scholarly journals Numerical Simulation of the Distribution of In Situ Cigarette Combustion-Generated Particulate Matter

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Shi Chen ◽  
Hanqing Liu ◽  
Zhiguo Sun ◽  
Hongyong Xie
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Constant Pressure ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Axial Position ◽  
Number Density ◽  
Total Particulate Matter

This paper has established a two-dimensional (2D) mathematical model for the generation, growth, and deposition of cigarette total particulate matter (TPM) in the smoldering state. The model has covered the chemical reactions and mass transfer as well as the mechanism of generation, flow, and condensation of particulate matter inside a burning cigarette. Cigarette smoke was generated by puffing under a constant pressure, and the pressure of the filter outlet was −274 Pa. The peak of the concentration of particulate matter was spatially overlapped with the peaks of pyrolysis and oxidation. Pertaining to the cross section of the cigarette at the same axial position, the peak of the diameter of particulate matter along the radial distribution first appeared in the zone near the edge of the cigarette cross section, and then gradually moved to the center of the cigarette with the cigarette smoke moving away from the combustion cone. The maximum number density of particulate matter calculated by the 2D mathematical model at the same axial position of the cigarette and the corresponding particle diameter, as well as the filtration efficiency of the filter rod, are in good accordance with the experimental data reported in previous studies.

scholarly journals Total particulate matter concentration skews cigarette smoke's gene expression profile

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 00029-2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Dvorkin-Gheva ◽  
Gilles Vanderstocken ◽  
Ali Önder Yildirim ◽  
Corry-Anke Brandsma ◽  
Ma'en Obeidat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Gene Expression Profile ◽  
Expression Profile ◽  
Smoke Exposure ◽  
Cigarette Smoke Exposure ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Total Particulate Matter ◽  
Xenobiotic Detoxification

Exposure of small animals to cigarette smoke is widely used as a model to study the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, protocols and exposure systems utilised vary substantially and it is unclear how these different systems compare.We analysed the gene expression profile of six publically available murine datasets from different cigarette smoke-exposure systems and related the gene signatures to three clinical cohorts.234 genes significantly regulated by cigarette smoke in at least one model were used to construct a 55-gene network containing 17 clusters. Increasing numbers of differentially regulated clusters were associated with higher total particulate matter concentrations in the different datasets. Low total particulate matter-induced genes mainly related to xenobiotic/detoxification responses, while higher total particulate matter activated immune/inflammatory processes in addition to xenobiotic/detoxification responses. To translate these observations to the clinic, we analysed the regulation of the revealed network in three human cohorts. Similar to mice, we observed marked differences in the number of regulated clusters between the cohorts. These differences were not determined by pack-year.Although none of the experimental models exhibited a complete alignment with any of the human cohorts, some exposure systems showed higher resemblance. Thus, depending on the cohort, clinically observed changes in gene expression may be mirrored more closely by specific cigarette smoke exposure systems. This study emphasises the need for careful validation of animal models.

Determination of Total Particulate Matter, Nicotine, and Water in Cigarette Smoke

1962 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 540-545
Author(s):  
C L Ogg ◽  
W W Bates ◽  
E C Cogbill ◽  
R H Blackmore ◽  
E L Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Total Particulate Matter

scholarly journals Determination of Benzene and Toluene In Exhaled Cigarette Smoke

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Moldoveanu ◽  
W III Coleman ◽  
J Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Vapor Phase ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Federal Trade Commission ◽  
Particulate Phase ◽  
Total Particulate Matter ◽  
Retention Efficiency ◽  
Lower Limits

AbstractThis study describes the results regarding the evaluation of retention efficiency by humans of benzene and toluene from cigarette smoke. The evaluated cigarette was a common commercial cigarette with 10.6 mg ‘tar’ [U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) ‘tar’ is defined as the weight of total particulate matter minus nicotine and water]. The test was performed on ten subjects. The exhaled smoke was collected using a vacuum assisted technique that avoids strain in exhaling the smoke. The study showed that benzene was retained at levels of 89% to 98%, and toluene was retained at similar levels, between 87% and 99%. The lower limits of retention for both benzene and toluene are unexpectedly low compared to the retention of bi-and tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which have retentions from cigarette smoke above 95%. This is probably caused by the fact that monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are present practically only in the vapor phase of cigarette smoke and at considerably higher levels than bi- and tri-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which are present almost completely in the particulate phase of cigarette smoke.

scholarly journals Transfer of Maleic Hydrazide into Mainstream Cigarette Smoke

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 325-330
Author(s):  
W Wood ◽  
GL Dooly ◽  
SC Moldoveanu
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Transfer Rate ◽  
Maleic Hydrazide ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Particulate Matter ◽  
The One ◽  
Relative Transfer ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Mainstream Cigarette Smoke

AbstractThis report presents the results of a study regarding the transfer of maleic hydrazide (MH) into mainstream cigarette smoke. Cigarettes with different levels of MH were used in this study. This included cigarettes with MH preexistent in the tobacco due to the agronomical practice, and with spiked MH. Because the MH can be present in tobacco as bound and free forms, both levels of MH were measured in the tobacco section. The cigarette designs covered a range of possibilities, including Plain, Filter King Size (KS), Lights 100’s, Ultra Lights, etc. The results showed that the amount of MH in smoke, on the one hand, is a function of the total particulate matter (TPM) of the cigarette, and higher TPM levels lead to more MH in smoke. On the other hand, the transferred level of MH depends on the total amount of MH (both bound and free) in the tobacco. The relative % transfer is higher for lower MH levels than for higher MH levels in tobacco. When normalized by TPM, the transfer as an average is about 0.24% per mg of TPM from the amount of MH in 1 g of tobacco, and as high as 0.46% per mg of TPM from the amount of MH in 1 g tobacco for a nonfilter low MH level cigarette. The resulting MH transfer for a nonfilter cigarette with low tobacco MH is therefore about 8.3% from the total MH in the cigarette. For filter full flavor (FF) cigarettes with high tobacco levels of MH, the transfer is about 5.8%. This relative transfer rate appears to be lower from higher MH levels in tobacco.

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