scholarly journals Determination of Benzene and Toluene In Exhaled Cigarette Smoke

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Moldoveanu ◽  
W III Coleman ◽  
J Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Vapor Phase ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Federal Trade Commission ◽  
Particulate Phase ◽  
Total Particulate Matter ◽  
Retention Efficiency ◽  
Lower Limits

AbstractThis study describes the results regarding the evaluation of retention efficiency by humans of benzene and toluene from cigarette smoke. The evaluated cigarette was a common commercial cigarette with 10.6 mg ‘tar’ [U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) ‘tar’ is defined as the weight of total particulate matter minus nicotine and water]. The test was performed on ten subjects. The exhaled smoke was collected using a vacuum assisted technique that avoids strain in exhaling the smoke. The study showed that benzene was retained at levels of 89% to 98%, and toluene was retained at similar levels, between 87% and 99%. The lower limits of retention for both benzene and toluene are unexpectedly low compared to the retention of bi-and tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which have retentions from cigarette smoke above 95%. This is probably caused by the fact that monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are present practically only in the vapor phase of cigarette smoke and at considerably higher levels than bi- and tri-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which are present almost completely in the particulate phase of cigarette smoke.

scholarly journals Determination of Hydroxybenzenes in Exhaled Cigarette Smoke

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Moldoveanu ◽  
W III Coleman ◽  
J Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Federal Trade Commission ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Polar Compounds ◽  
Total Particulate Matter ◽  
Retention Efficiency ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Mainstream Cigarette Smoke

AbstractThis study describes the results regarding the evaluation of retention efficiency by humans of hydroxybenzenes (phenols) from mainstream cigarette smoke. Over twenty phenols were evaluated in the exhaled smoke of a commercial cigarette with 10.6 mg ‘tar’ [U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) ‘tar’ is defined as the weight of total particulate matter minus nicotine and water]. The test was performed on ten human subjects. The exhaled smoke was collected using a vacuum assisted technique that avoids strain in exhaling the smoke. The study showed that the phenols were retained with high efficiency from cigarette smoke, typically above 80%. Only 4-ethylresorcinol, and C3-dihydroxybenzenes (C3 indicating any alkyl with three carbon atoms) were retained less efficiently with retention values around 70%. The high retention of this class of compounds was expected since phenols are polar compounds with relatively low molecular weights between 94 (for phenol) and 152 (for a propyl-dihydroxybenzene).

Determination of Total Particulate Matter, Nicotine, and Water in Cigarette Smoke

1962 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 540-545
Author(s):  
C L Ogg ◽  
W W Bates ◽  
E C Cogbill ◽  
R H Blackmore ◽  
E L Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Total Particulate Matter

scholarly journals Determination of Carbonyl Compounds in Exhaled Cigarette Smoke

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 346-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Moldoveanu ◽  
W Coleman ◽  
J Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Carbonyl Compounds ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Federal Trade Commission ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Lower Efficiency ◽  
Retention Efficiency ◽  
Cigarette Butts ◽  
Good Agreement

AbstractThis paper presents the findings on a quantitative evaluation of carbonyl levels in exhaled cigarette smoke from human subjects. The cigarettes evaluated include products with 5.0 mg ‘tar’, 10.6 mg ‘tar’ and 16.2 mg ‘tar’, where ‘tar’ is defined as the weight of total wet particulate matter (TPM) minus the weight of nicotine and water, and the cigarettes are smoked following U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) recommendations. The measured levels of carbonyls in the exhaled smoke were compared with calculated yields of carbonyls in the inhaled smoke and a retention efficiency was obtained. The number of human subjects included a total of ten smokers for the 10.6 mg ‘tar’, five for the 16.2 mg ‘tar’, and five for the 5.0 mg ‘tar’ product, each subject smoking three cigarettes. The analyzed carbonyl compounds included several aldehydes (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, propionaldehyde, crotonaldehyde and n-butyraldehyde), and two ketones (acetone and 2-butanone). The smoke collection from the human subjects was vacuum assisted. Exhaled smoke was collected on Cambridge pads pretreated with a solution of dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the dinitrophenylhydrazones of the carbonyl compounds. The cigarette butts from the smokers were collected and analyzed for nicotine. The nicotine levels for the cigarette butts from the smokers were used to calculate the level of carbonyls in the inhaled smoke, based on calibration curves. These were generated separately by analyzing the carbonyls in smoke and the nicotine in the cigarette butts obtained by machine smoking under different puffing regimes. The comparison of the level of carbonyl compounds in exhaled smoke with that from the inhaled smoke showed high retention of all the carbonyls. The retention of aldehydes was above 95% for all three different ‘tar’ levels cigarettes. The ketones were retained with a slightly lower efficiency. Acetone was retained in the range of 90% to 95%. The retention for 2-butanone showed a larger scatter compared to other results but it also appeared to be slightly less absorbed than the aldehydes, with an average retention around 95%. The retention of acetaldehyde and acetone by human smokers was previously reported in literature and the findings from this study are in very good agreement with these result.

scholarly journals Altering of Cigarette Smoke Condensate: Quantitative Determination of the Formation of Artifacts Produced by Gas-Phase and Particulate Phase Reactions/Alterung von Cigarettenrauchkondensat: Quantitative Untersuchungen der Artefaktbildung durch Gas- und Partikelphasenreaktionen

1973 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Schönherr ◽  
H.J. Klimisch ◽  
H.P. Harke
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Gaseous Phase ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Particulate Phase ◽  
Cigarette Smoke Condensate ◽  
Total Particulate Matter ◽  
And Storage

AbstractA formation of artifacts, produced by secondary reactions of compounds of cigarette smoke condensate, was determined quantitatively on reactions of the so-called gaseous phase and particulate phase. It was demonstrated that there was a continuously increasing yield of the dry total particulate matter in acetonic solutions of the condensate from cooled traps, depending on storage time and increasing temperature. There were linear correlations between the dry total particulate matter and storage time or storage temperature when one of these parameters was kept constant. Responsible for the increasing yield of the dry total particulate matter may be reactions among the constituents of the gaseous phase (about 7.5 %) and reactions between constituents of the gaseous phase and the particulate phase (more than 90 %). In another examination reactions of the particulate phase were analysed by quantitative determinations of pigments of a condensate fraction. These substances were fractionated and the distribution of their molecular weight was determined by a gelchromatographic method. The increasing yield and the tendency to form particles of higher molecular weight are depending on the storage temperature and storage time.

Collaborative Study of the Determination of Tar and Nicotine in Cigarette Smoke

1970 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 659-672
Author(s):  
C L Ogg ◽  
E Fred Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Sample Design ◽  
Total Particulate Matter ◽  
Material Interaction ◽  
Weight Number

Abstract Ten laboratories participated in a 2-phase collaborative study of a method for tar and nicotine in cigarette smoke. In one phase, 200 monitor cigarettes were smoked, while in the second phase, 60 cigarettes from each of 5 pairs of samples were smoked over a period of 2 weeks according to a random port × sample design. A total of over 9000 measurements was reported for weight, number of puffs, total particulate matter, water, nicotine, and tar. Statistical analysis of the results showed the significant variables to be within- and amonglaboratory differences and a laboratory × material interaction. Agreement between laboratories was good for cigarettes delivering less than 20 mg tar and 1 mg nicotine, but poor for samples with higher tar and nicotine deliveries. Further study of the method is recommended to improve its performance with cigarettes having high tar and nicotine deliveries.

The Control of Cigarette Smoke Deliveries Using Heat-Shrinkable Films

1975 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Crellin ◽  
G. O. Brooks ◽  
H. G. Horsewell
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Cellulose Acetate ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Total Particulate Matter ◽  
Puff Volume ◽  
Cigarette Paper ◽  
High Degree

AbstractA ventilating filter for cigarettes has been developed which reduces the delivery of smoke constituents from the final two to three puffs. Since the normaI delivery for these three puffs can account for up to half the total particulate matter and nicotine delivered by the whole cigarette, usefuI reductions per cigarette can be produced. The ventilating filter consists of cellulose acetate tow wrapped in heat-shrinkable film and attached to a tobacco rod using perforated tipping paper. When the cigarette is smoked, the perforations remain closed by contact with the impermeable film until transfer of heat to the filter is sufficient to soften the filter tow and shrink the film. Ventilating air now enters the cigarette and reduces the smoke deliveries. The effectiveness of the ventilating filter is increased by using films which have a low shrink temperature, high shrink tension and a high degree of biaxiaI shrinkage. Increases in filter plasticiser level, tipping perforation area and puff volume improve the effectiveness of the ventilating filter but increases in cigarette paper porosity and tobacco butt length reduce the effectiveness

scholarly journals Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Cigarettes and Cigarette Smoke

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruki Shimazu
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Experimental Room ◽  
Total Pahs ◽  
Suspended Particulate ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
The Relationship

<p>The present study examines the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in cigarettes and sidestream cigarette smoke. Nine PAHs were determined in sidestream cigarette smokes for five types of cigarettes. The volume of the experimental room is approximately 66 m<sup>3</sup>. The air samples in the room were collected before and after smoking. The total PAH concentrations were approximately 1.0 ng/m<sup>3</sup> before smoking, but the median concentration and the range of PAHs were 29.1 ng/m<sup>3</sup> and from 7.62 to 57.6 ng/m<sup>3</sup> after smoking. The relationship between suspended particulate matter (SPM) and total PAHs after smoking is significant and proportional. This may indicate that the SPM formation is associated with PAH formation during smoking. Furthermore, nine PAHs were determined in the cigarettes. Median PAH contents in the five brands of cigarettes ranged from 221 to 936 ng per cigarette before smoking and from 66.9 to 266 ng per cigarette after smoking. Mean PAH emissions from cigarettes while smoking ranged from 257 to 1490 ng per cigarette. The results show that PAHs in the cigarettes, and those generated during smoking, were emitted into the air.</p>

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