scholarly journals About the history of conflicts over urban forestry in Estonian towns

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Heldur Sander ◽  
Toivo Meikar
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
General Public ◽  
Urban Forestry ◽  
Urban Forests ◽  
The State ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Town ◽  
The Middle Ages

Abstract The article explores conflicts related to forests and parks of Estonian towns from the Middle Ages to the 1940s. A brief overview is first given of the development of urban forestry in Estonia. There are also cases where the loss of urban forests and the related problems that arose could have led to conflicts, but for certain reasons they did not emerge. The main focus of the research is on Tallinn and its nearby island of Naissaare and, to a lesser extent, on the town of Haapsalu. The cases with the probability of conflict are described on the example of Tallinn, Tartu and Pärnu. It is apparent that conflicts or preconditions for their emergence were caused by various reasons, both at the state and town level where local authorities and ownership relations played their role. But the causes of the conflicts can also be traced to the wider clash between military and political causes, economic development and the general public.

The State in the Middle Ages. A Comparative Constitutional History of Feudal Europe

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Gianfranco Poggi ◽  
H. Mitteis ◽  
H. F. Orton
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The State ◽  
Constitutional History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Middle Ages

scholarly journals Why Was the New Testament Translated into Hebrew?

Open Theology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eran Shuali
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
New Testament ◽  
The State ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
Short Overview ◽  
Hebrew Language ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
The Middle Ages

AbstractAfter offering a short overview of the history of Hebrew translations of the New Testament from the Middle Ages to our time, this article focuses on the purposes of the different translations as reflected in what has been written and said about them by the translators themselves and by other people involved in their dissemination. Five such purposes are identified: 1. Jewish polemics against Christianity in the Middle Ages. 2. Christian study of the Hebrew language. 3. The quest for the Hebrew “original” of the New Testament. 4. The mission to the Jews. 5. The needs of the Christian communities in the State of Israel. Concluding remarks are then made regarding the way in which Hebrew translations of the New Testament were perceived throughout the ages and regarding the role they played.

Banks

Money ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kenneth Galbraith ◽  
James K. Galbraith
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
The State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Religious Objection ◽  
The Middle Ages

This chapter discusses the history of banks as one of three progenitors of money, the others being mints and treasury secretaries or finance ministers. Banking had a substantial presence in Roman times, then declined during the Middle Ages as trade became more hazardous and lending came into conflict with the religious objection to usury. The Renaissance saw the revival of money due in part to trade. It is fair to say that the decline and revival of banking took place in Italy. The banking houses of Venice and Genoa are acknowledged as the precursors of modern commercial banks. The chapter also considers how banking that developed from the seventeenth century spawned cycles of euphoria and panics. Finally, it examines the case of John Law, who established a bank in France that was authorized to issue notes in the form of loans, with the state as the principal borrower.

scholarly journals HENRY HALLAM REVISITED

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 453-473
Author(s):  
MICHAEL BENTLEY
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
David Hume ◽  
The State ◽  
Constitutional History ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Law And Science ◽  
The Middle Ages

ABSTRACTAlthough Henry Hallam (1777–1859) is best known for his Constitutional History of England (1827) and as a founder of ‘whig’ history, to situate him primarily as a mere critic of David Hume or as an apprentice to Thomas Babington Macaulay does him a disservice. He wrote four substantial books of which the first, his View of the state of Europe during the middle ages (1818), deserves to be seen as the most important; and his correspondence shows him to have been integrated into the contemporary intelligentsia in ways that imply more than the Whig acolyte customarily portrayed by commentators. This article re-situates Hallam by thinking across both time and space and depicts a significant historian whose filiations reached to Europe and North America. It proposes that Hallam did not originate the whig interpretation of history but rather that he created a sense of the past resting on law and science which would be reasserted in the age of Darwin.

The Future of the Consular Office

1926 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-298
Author(s):  
Pitman B. Potter
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Best Friend ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Middle Ages ◽  
The Way

The consulate is an old and a dignified office. Through various vicissitudes the consul has come down to us from the days when, with the dawn of new courage and enterprise, the closing of the Middle Ages saw the revival of international trade and travel in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Hence the future of that office must be of considerable interest from an historical point of view, to say nothing of the interest which all of us who expect to do any foreign traveling ought to feel in the fate of the traveler's best friend. All of this is doubly true in view of the fact that serious changes in the consulate are in point of fact impending, or even taking place before we have had time to notice them.Almost everyone who has even a slight acquaintance with the history of international relations is aware of the way in which the consular office has already lost much of its old standing through the abolition of privileges of extraterritoriality in modern states. Originally, the consul was a judge in many cases between citizens of the state which he represented who were permanently, or even only temporarily, residing abroad. Today in all Western states he has come to exercise judicial powers only with respect to seamen on vessels flying the flag of his appointing state. The result has been a great diminution of his powers and prestige, a change so pronounced and of such long standing that few nowadays appreciate the great dignity and influence of the consular office in its earlier history.

scholarly journals Some considerations on the state of Vesuvius in the Middle Ages and the precursors of the 1631 eruption

1998 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Nazzaro
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Eruptive History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Vesuvius Volcano ◽  
Civil Defence ◽  
Precursory Phenomena ◽  
The Middle Ages

The volcanologic literature concerning Vesuvius and its activity, since the great eruption of 1631, is particularly abundant and helpful in order to investigate topics of remarkable interest on the eruptive history of the Neapolitan volcano. One of these topics relates to the precursory phenomena of the eruption of 1631. This problem it is of great importance for a better knowledge of the eruptive trends of the volcano since the 1631 eruption is the reference for any Civil Defence plan regarding the Vesuvius volcano. In addition, knowledge of the medieval activity of Vesuvius is important because it furnishes useful data for research into some unfamiliar aspects of the volcano's history, e.g., the existence of a 1500 eruption and consequently the duration of the inactivity period before 1631. It is generally assumed that the precursors of this eruption occurred less than one month before its beginning. In particular, the earthquakes would have come about 10 days before the eruption. Moreover a soil uplift is reported about 20 days beforehand. On the basis of a careful analysis of some important sources, books and manuscripts, we will see that the outline of the phenomena was much more complex.

scholarly journals THE KURGANS OF BUDZHAK EXPLORED BY F. I. KNAUER: HISTORY OF EXCAVATION, CARTOGRAPHY AND MODERN STATE

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-422
Author(s):  
І. V. Sapozhnykov
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The State ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Historical Society ◽  
Comparative Linguistics ◽  
Teachers College ◽  
Doctoral Thesis ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University ◽  
The Middle Ages

The article is observed the archeological activity of the native of German colony of Sarata in Budzhak and the author of first excavations of the barrows of this region, Professor F. I. Knauer. Fedor (Friedrich) Ivan Knauer (1849—1917) graduated the Sarata Teachers College (1865). He studied linguistics, Sanskrit and German at the Universities of Jena and Tubingen, graduated the University of Derpt (1882) where he defended his doctoral thesis (1884). After that he worked at St. Vladimir University in Kiev as Professor of the Department of Comparative Linguistics and Sanskrit (from 1886 to 1915). He participated the XI Archaeological Congress in Kiev (1899), XIII (1902, Hamburg) and XVI (1912, Athens) international congresses of orientalists. The scholar engaged in archaeology under the influence of members of the Historical Society of Nestor the Chronist, in particular Professor V. B. Antonovich. One of his tasks was to gather the collection for the creation of the archaeological museum at St. Vladimir’s University. The fieldwork of the scholar in 1888—1889, 1891, and 1899 are described in the paper. During these works he examined 11 barrows on the banks of the rivers Sarat and Kogylnik and found 75—77 graves which were compiled to the chrono-stratigraphic column of burials from the Eneolithic to the Middle Ages. In the special annex to the paper the materials of research of the author of 2018 were revealed, during which the state of the majority of thebarrows of F. I. Knauer was discovered and some of which are proposed to be excavated

XXV. The Delta in the Middle Ages: a note on the branches of the Nile and the Kurahs of Lower Egypt, with Map

1912 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 941-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Guest
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Middle Ages

Many changes have taken place in the delta since the middle ages, and the former geographical conditions require to be understood in order that the mediaeval history of Egypt may be followed. Besides, the mediaeval geography is of obvious importance as a means of arriving at the state of Egypt in ancient times. An adequate historical map of the mediaeval period is much wanted, and this paper is intended as a contribution towards a map of this kind.

scholarly journals Urban politics and material culture at the end of the Middle Ages: the Coventry tapestry in St Mary's Hall

Urban History ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTIAN D. LIDDY
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Urban Politics ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Town Hall ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Fifteenth ◽  
The Town ◽  
The Middle Ages

ABSTRACT:This article uses the evidence of the internal decoration and spatial hierarchy of an English town hall to explore the construction of urban oligarchy in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. Urban historians have regarded this period as one of fundamental importance in the political history of pre-modern English towns. It is associated with the emergence of the ‘close corporation’, an oligarchic form of government which remained largely in place until the Municipal Corporations Act of 1835. The article examines the iconography and historical context of a tapestry, custom-made for the town hall of Coventry around 1500, to present a different view of the character of urban political culture at the end of the Middle Ages.

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