scholarly journals The rate of repeating X-rays in the medical centers of Jenin District/Palestine and how to reduce patient exposure to radiation

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-36
Author(s):  
Abed Al Nasser Assi
Keyword(s):  
Repetition Rate ◽  
Human Error ◽  
National Level ◽  
High Volume ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Radiological Protection ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Radiographic Images ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
Thoracic And Abdominal

Abstract Reduction of the patient’s received radiation dose to as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) is based on recommendations of radiation protection organizations such as the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB). The aim of this study was to explore the frequency and characteristics of rejected / repeated radiographic films in governmental and private centers in Jenin city. The radiological centers were chosen based on their high volume of radiographic studies. The evaluation was carried out over a period of four months. The collected data were compiled at the end of each week and entered into a computer for analysis at the end of study. Overall 5000 films (images) were performed in four months, The average repeat rate of radiographic images was 10% (500 films). Repetition rate was the same for both thoracic and abdominal images (42%). The main reason for repeating imaging was inadequate imaging quality (58.2%) and poor film processing (38%). Human error was the most likely reason necessitating the repetition of the radiographs (48 %). Infant and children groups comprised 85% of the patient population that required repetition of the radiographic studies. In conclusion, we have a higher repetition rate of imaging studies compared to the international standards (10% vs. 4-6%, respectively). This is especially noticeable in infants and children, and mainly attributed to human error in obtaining and processing images. This is an important issue that needs to be addressed on a national level due to the ill effects associated with excessive exposure to radiation especially in children, and to reduce cost of the care delivered.

MINIMIZING THE EXPOSURE TO THE EYE LENS OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGISTS ASSISTING PATIENTS DURING CHEST X RAYS: A PHANTOM STUDY

2021 ◽  
Vol 193 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
Yasuda Mitsuyoshi ◽  
Funada Tomoya ◽  
Sato Hisaya ◽  
Kato Kyoichi
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Phantom Study ◽  
International Commission ◽  
Eye Lens ◽  
Radiological Protection ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Radiologic Technologists ◽  
Maximum Reduction ◽  
The Right

Abstract As chest x rays involve risks of patients falling, radiologic technologists (technologists) commonly assist patients, and as the assistance takes place near the patients, the eye lenses of the technologists are exposed to radiation. The recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection suggest that the risk of developing cataracts due to lens exposure is high, and this makes it necessary to reduce and minimize the exposure. The present study investigated the positions of technologists assisting patients that will minimize exposure of the eye lens to radiation. The results showed that it is possible to reduce the exposure by assisting from the following positions: 50% at the sides rather than diagonally behind, 10% at the right side of the patient rather than the left and 40% at 250 mm away from the patient. The maximum reduction with radiation protection glasses was 54% with 0.07 mmPb and 72% with 0.88 mmPb.

scholarly journals 405 Radiological Analysis of Gentamicin Eluting Synthetic Bone Graft Substitute Used in The Management of Gustilo IIIB Open Fractures

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Aljawadi ◽  
I Madhi ◽  
T Naylor ◽  
M Elmajee ◽  
A Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Graft ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Bone Graft Substitute ◽  
Fracture Site ◽  
Open Fractures ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Radiographic Images ◽  
Synthetic Bone ◽  
Synthetic Bone Graft

Abstract Background Management of traumatic bone void associated with Gustilo IIIB open fractures is challenging. Gentamicin eluting synthetic bone graft substitute (Cerament-G) had been recently utilised for the management of patients with these injuries. This study aims to assess radiological signs of Cerament-G remodelling. Method Retrospective data analysis of all patients admitted to our unit with IIIB open fractures who had Cerament-G applied as avoid filler. Postoperative radiographic images of the fracture site at 6-weeks, 3-months, 6-months and at the last follow-up were reviewed. The radiological signs of Cerament-G integration, percent of void healing, and bone cortical thickness at the final follow-up were assessed. Results 34 patients met our inclusion criteria, mean age: 42 years. Mean follow-up time was 20 months. 59% of patients had excellent (>90%) void filling, 26.4% of patients had 50-90% void filling, and 14.6% had < 50% void filling. Normal bone cortical thickness was restored on AP and Lateral views in 55.8% of patients. No residual Cerement-G was seen on X-rays at the final follow-up in any of the patients. Conclusions Our results showed successful integration of Cerament-G with excellent void filling and normal cortical thickness achieved in more than half of the patients.

scholarly journals The Resolution of International Commercial Disputes – What Role (if any) for Continental Europe?

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 115 ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Giesela Rühl
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
National Level ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Traditional Market ◽  
Commercial Courts

The past sixteen years have witnessed the proliferation of international commercial courts around the world. However, up until recently, this was largely an Asian and a Middle Eastern phenomenon. Only during the past decade have Continental European countries, notably Germany, France and the Netherlands, joined the bandwagon and started to create new judicial bodies for international commercial cases. Driven by the desire to attract high-volume commercial litigation, these bodies try to offer international businesses a better dispute settlement framework. But what are their chances of success? Will more international litigants decide to settle their disputes in these countries? In this essay, I argue that, despite its recently displayed activism, Continental Europe lags behind on international commercial courts. In fact, although the various European initiatives are laudable, most cannot compete with the traditional market leaders, especially the London Commercial Court, or with new rivals in Asia and the Middle East. If Continental Europe wants a role in the international litigation market, it must embrace more radical change. And this change will most likely have to happen on the European––not the national––level.

Visualizing Fluid Flows With X-Rays

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore J. Heindel ◽  
Terrence C. Jensen ◽  
Joseph N. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Flow Visualization ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fluid Flows ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Radiographic Images ◽  
Optical Access ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Computed ◽  
Density Map

There are several methods available to visualize fluid flows when one has optical access. However, when optical access is limited to near the boundaries or not available at all, alternative visualization methods are required. This paper will describe flow visualization using an X-ray system that is capable of digital X-ray radiography, digital X-ray stereography, and digital X-ray computed tomography (CT). The unique X-ray flow visualization facility will be briefly described, and then flow visualization of various systems will be shown. Radiographs provide a two-dimensional density map of a three dimensional process or object. Radiographic images of various multiphase flows will be presented. When two X-ray sources and detectors simultaneously acquire images of the same process or object from different orientations, stereographic imaging can be completed; this type of imaging will be demonstrated by trickling water through packed columns and by absorbing water in a porous medium. Finally, local time-averaged phase distributions can be determined from X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging, and this will be shown by comparing CT images from two different gas-liquid sparged columns.

P107 Can a computer sense the symptoms of osteoarthritis from a radiograph? Initial findings from a pilot, AI approach to osteoarthritis assessment

Rheumatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas R Fuggle ◽  
Diogo Pinto Pereira ◽  
Elaine M Dennison ◽  
Cyrus Cooper ◽  
Sasan Mahmoodi
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Radiographic Images ◽  
Pairwise Correlation ◽  
Pain Symptoms ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Abstract Background/Aims  Osteoarthritis is the most common joint disease and is associated with substantial morbidity for the affected individual and a significant financial burden for the health system at large. There is a marked discrepancy between the extent of osteoarthritis observed via plain radiography and the magnitude of clinical symptoms. For this reason we aimed to investigate whether, using an artificial intelligence approach, we could train an algorithm to diagnose osteoarthritis and if we were able to find correlations between clinical symptoms and radiographic images. Methods  Anterior-posterior and lateral radiographic images of the knees and hips were ascertained from members of the Hertfordshire Cohort Study (HCS, a group of community-dwelling older adults in the UK) and were merged with anterior-posterior knee X-rays obtained from Mendeley (a repository of open-access images). The HCS contributed 1,445 images, which were equally split into training and testing sets, and the Mendeley cohort provided 2,889 training and 828 testing radiographs. The radiographic images were passed through a detection network in order to identify the region of interest (the knee or hip joint), thereby streamlining the necessary information in the image. Next, a classification network was trained with the goal of differentiating the Kellgren and Lawrence (KL) grade for each joint. Finally, the clinical symptoms and radiographic grading was subject to pairwise correlation, using Spearman rank-order correlation. Results  The HCS sample included 222 males and 221 females with a mean age of 76 years (SD 2.6). In terms of detection of the join, an average accuracy of 99% was achieved. The classification task utilised alternative evaluation metrics, with the best network achieving 58% accuracy, 63% average precision and 61% average recall in the KL grading task. Superior results were obtained with knee joints than hips. However, when using the dichotomous outcomes of ‘osteoarthritis’ (defined by a KL ≥ 2) or ‘no osteoarthritis’, the results significantly improved, obtaining an accuracy of 81.2%. Significant correlations were observed between the majority of pain symptoms and the radiograph images, with the strongest correlations seen at the knees with; pain going up or down stairs (rho 0.30), pain standing upright (rho 0.30), pain walking on hard surface (rho 0.28), pain walking on uneven surface (rho 0.31) and pain standing from chair (rho -0.30). Conclusion  To conclude, in this pilot study, we have trained an algorithm, to diagnose osteoarthritis of the knees and hips with limited accuracy. We have also demonstrated moderate correlations with some specific pain symptoms. It will be interesting to see whether these initial findings are replicated as we expand this project into other cohorts. Disclosure  N.R. Fuggle: None. D. Pinto Pereira: None. E.M. Dennison: None. C. Cooper: None. S. Mahmoodi: None.

Towards Grading Chest X-rays of COVID-19 Patients Using a Dynamic Radial Basis Function Network Classifier

2021 ◽  
pp. 81-95
Author(s):  
Subhagata Chattopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Radial Basis Function ◽  
Basis Function ◽  
Radial Basis Function Network ◽  
High Volume ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Dynamic Allocation ◽  
Image Size ◽  
Radial Basis ◽  
Edge Features ◽  
Function Network

The high volume of COVID-19 Chest X-rays and less number of radiologists to interpret those is a challenge for the highly populous developing nations. Moreover, correct grading of the COVID-19 stage by interpreting the Chest X-rays manually is time-taking and could be biased. It often delays the treatment. Given the scenario, the purpose of this study is to develop a deep learning classifier for multiple classifications (e.g., mild, moderate, and severe grade of involvement) of COVID-19 Chest X-rays for faster and accurate diagnosis. To accomplish the goal, the raw images are denoised with a Gaussian filter during pre-processing followed by the Regions of Interest, and Edge Features are identified using Canny’s edge detector algorithm. Standardized Edge Features become the training inputs to a Dynamic Radial Basis Function Network classifier, developed from scratch. Results show that the developed classifier is 88% precise and 86% accurate in classifying the grade of illness with a much faster processing speed. The contribution lies in the dynamic allocation of the (i) number of Input and Hidden nodes as per the shape and size of the image, (ii) Learning rate, (iii) Centroid, (iv) Spread, and (v) Weight values during squared error minimization; (vi) image size reduction (37% on average) by standardization, instead of dimensionality reduction to prevent data loss; and (vii) reducing the time complexity of the classifier by 26% on average. Such a classifier could be a reliable assistive tool to human doctors in screening and grading COVID-19 patients and in turn, would help faster management of the patients as per the stages of COVID-19.

History Page: Leaders in MSK Radiology

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (02) ◽  
pp. 274-276
Author(s):  
Franz Kainberger ◽  
Daniela Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Oncology ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Radiographic Images ◽  
Kienböck’S Disease ◽  
Kienböck's Disease ◽  
Kienbock’S Disease

AbstractRobert Kienböck (1871–1953) may be regarded as one of the first musculoskeletal radiologists who began his clinical and scientific work 2 years after the discovery of X-rays. He lent his name to Kienböck's disease, a traumatic malacia and osteonecrosis of the lunate, and to several other eponyms of diseases, devices, and parameters in radiology and radiation oncology. With his meticulous analysis of radiographic images of the highest quality, he anticipated many theories that were proposed in later decades.

scholarly journals High Repetition Rate and Coherent Free-Electron Laser in the X-Rays Range Tailored for Linear Spectroscopy

Instruments ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vittoria Petrillo ◽  
Michele Opromolla ◽  
Alberto Bacci ◽  
Illya Drebot ◽  
Giacomo Ghiringhelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Electron ◽  
Repetition Rate ◽  
Free Electron Laser ◽  
Extreme Ultraviolet ◽  
High Harmonic ◽  
High Repetition Rate ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Regenerative Amplifier ◽  
X Ray ◽  
High Repetition

Fine time-resolved analysis of matter—i.e., spectroscopy and photon scattering—in the linear response regime requires fs-scale pulsed, high repetition rate, fully coherent X-ray sources. A seeded Free Electron Laser (FEL) driven by a Linac based on Super Conducting cavities, generating 10 8 – 10 10 coherent photons at 2–5 keV with 0.2–1 MHz of repetition rate, can address this need. Three different seeding schemes, reaching the X-ray range, are described hereafter. The first two are multi-stage cascades upshifting the radiation frequency by a factor of 10–30 starting from a seed represented by a coherent flash of extreme ultraviolet light. This radiation can be provided either by the High Harmonic Generation of an optical laser or by an FEL Oscillator operating at 12–14 nm. The third scheme is a regenerative amplifier working with X-ray mirrors. The whole chain of the X-ray generation is here described by means of start-to-end simulations.

Combating Racial Discrimination in the World and in Europe

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-172
Author(s):  
Theo van Boven
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
National Level ◽  
International Standards ◽  
International Convention ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
On The Road

The struggle against racism and racial discrimination requires a broad strategy of action, ranging from legal and political measures, including measures of conflict resolution and confidence building, to policies in the fields of teaching, education, culture and information. Attention is paid to the actions taken over the years by the United Nations to eliminate racism and racial discrimination. It may be concluded that the actions to combat racism and racial discrimination had, at least at the level of the United Nations, a spear-head function on the road to the progressive development of strategies and policies for dealing with the promotion and protection of human rights in general. Racial discrimination is a global problem that manifests itself in a variety of ways. The international standards, adopted and proclaimed by the United Nations, are applicable to all and not only with respect to a pre-selected number of countries and situations. These standards are universal. Subsequently, the question of racism and racial discrimination as it manifests itself in Europe is dealt with. With the disappearance of totalitarian communism, Europe has become a complicated place where in several areas national and ethnic violence has reached proportions and a degree of hatred and cruelty which are reminders of the days of World War II. Radical sentiments of nationalism and ethnocentrism re-emerge. Apart from this there is a steadily growing manifestation of racism and xenophobia against foreign immigrants and refugees. There are also countermovements, which are a source of hope that the struggle against racism and racial discrimination is a commitment as well as a common standard of achievement by all peoples and all nations. Action at the national level has to be supplemented by action at the international level. The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination is a strategic tool in this area. In the light of new challenges it is therefore of great importance that all States and all sectors of society, cooperate to implement this Convention and that the supervisory mechanism established under the Convention is able to carry out its critical role.

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