Legislative Functions of Second Chambers in Federal Systems

Abstract Legislative functions of federal second chambers are not a homogeneous set of powers, but require comparison and classification. First, the paper will examine the legislative functions of the second chambers of those European states that have a federal or quasifederal character (Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Germany, Italy, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom). Second, the paper addresses the normative concept of the legislative functions of federal second chambers: what is the particularly federal rationale behind these legislative powers, and are there other constitutional rationales as well? Do some legislative functions serve purposes of federalism better than others and does a dichotomy between ‘weak-form’ and ‘strong-form’ veto powers apply in this context? This will also require some discussion on whether perfect or imperfect bicameralism and the requirements of internal decision-making play a role in this regard.

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Adaptations of the United Kingdom Takeover Panel in Hong Kong and Singapore: Convergence or Divergence?

Asian Journal of Comparative Law ◽

10.1017/asjcl.2020.18 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-29

Author(s):

Emma ARMSON

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Hong Kong ◽

United Kingdom ◽

Weak Form ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Functional Convergence ◽

Panel Model ◽

Regulatory Systems ◽

Institutional Structures ◽

The Uk

Abstract This article examines the transplantation of the Takeover Panel model from the United Kingdom into the takeover regulatory systems in Hong Kong and Singapore. It focuses on the extent to which this has resulted in formal convergence between the Takeover Panel in the UK and those established in Hong Kong and Singapore. Formal convergence is assessed in terms of the institutional structures of these Panels and is based on their independence and roles, the powers of the Panels and their Executives, and review of their decisions. Applying these criteria, this article concludes that there are medium levels of formal convergence with the UK Panel in both the Hong Kong and Singapore Panels. This article also examines functional convergence, namely the extent to which the Hong Kong and Singapore Panels operate similarly to the UK Panel in practice. In relation to the procedural rules and processes implemented by the Panels, this article concludes that there is a medium form of functional convergence in the case of the Hong Kong Panel, and a weak form of this for the Singapore Panel. Finally, the study of functional convergence in decision-making also includes an examination of the extent to which the Hong Kong and Singapore Panels refer explicitly to the UK approach in their decisions.

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Beérkezett könyvek

Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle ◽

10.1556/mpszle.63.2008.3.10 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 63 (3) ◽

pp. 607-608

Author(s):

Csaba Pléh

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Human Mind ◽

Frankfurt Am Main ◽

Conscious Decision ◽

Better Than

ErősFerenc, LénárdKataés BókayAntal(szerk.) Typus Budapestiensis. Tanulmányok a pszichoanalízis budapesti iskolájának történetéről éshatásáról. Thalassa, Budapest, 2008, 447 oldalHargittaiIstván: Doktor DNS. Őszinte beszélgetések James D. Watsonnal. Vince Kiadó, Budapest, 2008, 223 oldalKutrovátzGábor,LángBenedekésZemplénGábor: A tudomány határa. Typotex,Budapest, 2008, 376 oldalEngerl, C. andSinger, W. (eds) Better than conscious? Decision making, the human mind, and implications for institutions . MIT Press, Cambridge, 2008, xiv + 449 oldalKondor, Zsuzsanna: Embedded thinking. Multimedia and the new rationality. Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main, 2008, xi + 169 oldalSíklakiIstván(szerk.): Szóbeli befolyásolás. I–II. Typotex, Budapest,_n

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Extended Emulation Theory

10.31234/osf.io/q6tej ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Luca Rade

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Action Planning ◽

Weak Form ◽

External Input ◽

Motor Action ◽

Abstract Thought ◽

Thought Patterns ◽

Stored Information ◽

Short Term Prediction ◽

The Mind

Emulators are internal models, first evolved for prediction in perception to shorten the feedback on motor action. However, the selective pressure on perception is to improve the fitness of decision-making, driving the evolution of emulators towards context-dependent payoff representation and integration of action planning, not enhanced prediction as is generally assumed. The result is integrated perceptual, memory, representational, and imaginative capacities processing external input and stored internal input for decision-making, while simultaneously updating stored information. Perception, recall, imagination, theory of mind, and dreaming are the same process with different inputs. Learning proceeds via scaffolding on existing conceptual infrastructure, a weak form of embodied cognition. Discrete concepts are emergent from continuous dynamics and are in a perceptual, not representational, format. Language is also in perceptual format and enables precise abstract thought. In sum, what was initially a primitive system for short-term prediction in perception has evolved to perform abstract thought, store and retrieve memory, understand others, hold embedded action plans, build stable narratives, simulate scenarios, and integrate context dependence into perception. Crucially, emulators co-evolved with the emergence of societies, producing a mind-society system in which emulators are dysfunctional unless integrated into a society, which enables their complexity. The Target Emulator System, evolved initially for honest signaling, produces the emergent dynamics of the mind-society system and spreads variation-testing of behavior and thought patterns across a population. The human brain is the most dysfunctional in isolation, but the most effective given its context.

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Design, Development and Comparison of Heuristic Driven Algorithms Based on the Crossed Domain Products’ Reviews for User’s Summarization

Recent Advances in Computer Science and Communications ◽

10.2174/2213275912666190626110342 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 884-892

Author(s):

Sartaj Ahmad ◽

Ashutosh Gupta ◽

Neeraj Kumar Gupta

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Online Shopping ◽

Recent Time ◽

Design Development ◽

Different Types ◽

Feature Based ◽

Use Of Internet ◽

Day By Day ◽

Better Than

Background: In recent time, people love online shopping but before any shopping feedbacks or reviews always required. These feedbacks help customers in decision making for buying any product or availing any service. In the country like India this trend of online shopping is increasing very rapidly because awareness and the use of internet which is increasing day by day. As result numbers of customers and their feedbacks are also increasing. It is creating a problem that how to read all reviews manually. So there should be some computerized mechanism that provides customers a summary without spending time in reading feedbacks. Besides big number of reviews another problem is that reviews are not structured. Objective: In this paper, we try to design, implement and compare two algorithms with manual approach for the crossed domain Product’s reviews. Methods: Lexicon based model is used and different types of reviews are tested and analyzed to check the performance of these algorithms. Results: Algorithm based on opinions and feature based opinions are designed, implemented, applied and compared with the manual results and it is found that algorithm # 2 is performing better than algorithm # 1 and near to manual results. Conclusion: Algorithm # 2 is found better on the different product’s reviews and still to be applied on other product’s reviews to enhance its scope. Finally, it will be helpful to automate existing manual process.

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Making the most of individual differences in joint decisions

10.1093/oso/9780198789710.003.0004 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Bahador Bahrami

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Direct Evidence ◽

Cross Cultural ◽

Collective Decision Making ◽

Wisdom Of Crowds ◽

Trade Off ◽

Adaptive Value ◽

Joint Decisions ◽

Cultural Data ◽

Better Than

Evidence for and against the idea that “two heads are better than one” is abundant. This chapter considers the contextual conditions and social norms that predict madness or wisdom of crowds to identify the adaptive value of collective decision-making beyond increased accuracy. Similarity of competence among members of a collective impacts collective accuracy, but interacting individuals often seem to operate under the assumption that they are equally competent even when direct evidence suggest the opposite and dyadic performance suffers. Cross-cultural data from Iran, China, and Denmark support this assumption of similarity (i.e., equality bias) as a sensible heuristic that works most of the time and simplifies social interaction. Crowds often trade off accuracy for other collective benefits such as diffusion of responsibility and reduction of regret. Consequently, two heads are sometimes better than one, but no-one holds the collective accountable, not even for the most disastrous of outcomes.

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Positive and Negative Constitutionalism and the Limits of Universalism: A Review Essay†

Oxford Journal of Legal Studies ◽

10.1093/ojls/gqab012 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Adrienne Stone ◽

Lael K Weis

Keyword(s):

Review Essay ◽

Weak Form ◽

Well Being ◽

Strong Form ◽

Constitutional Theory ◽

Full Potential ◽

Essential Function

Abstract In The Principles of Constitutionalism, Nicholas Barber provides a sophisticated yet highly readable introduction to fundamental constitutional principles. At the same time, Barber seeks to reorient constitutional theory scholarship away from a mistaken ‘negative’ understanding of constitutionalism towards a ‘positive’ understanding. This essay examines that argument. We suggest that the idea of ‘positive constitutionalism’ has a weaker and a stronger sense. In its weak form, the argument calls for greater attention to what constitutions enable as well as what they restrict, and thus serves as a welcome reminder of the full potential of constitutional principles. However, it cannot be regarded as the correction of a widespread mistake. In its strong form, the argument calls for greater recognition that the state’s essential function lies in advancing the ‘well-being’ of its members. Although this amounts to a significant reorientation, it weakens the theory’s claim to universalism. These tensions indicate limitations to efforts to construct general theories of constitutionalism.

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Skill and strategic control

Synthese ◽

10.1007/s11229-021-03053-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ellen Fridland

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Empirical Evidence ◽

Mental Imagery ◽

Sports Psychology ◽

Mental Practice ◽

Strategic Control ◽

Cognitive Representations ◽

Personal Level ◽

The Right ◽

Better Than

AbstractThis paper provides an account of the strategic control involved in skilled action. When I discuss strategic control, I have in mind the practical goals, plans, and strategies that skilled agents use in order to specify, structure, and organize their skilled actions, which they have learned through practice. The idea is that skilled agents are better than novices not only at implementing the intentions that they have but also at forming the right intentions. More specifically, skilled agents are able formulate and modify, adjust and adapt their practical intentions in ways that are appropriate, effective, and flexible given their overall goals. Further, to specify the kind of action plans that are involved in strategic control, I’ll rely on empirical evidence concerning mental practice and mental imagery from sports psychology as well as evidence highlighting the systematic differences in the cognitive representations of skills between experts and non-experts. I’ll claim that, together, this evidence suggests that the intentions that structure skilled actions are practical and not theoretical, that is, that they are perceptual and motor and not abstract, amodal, or linguistic. Importantly, despite their grounded nature, these plans are still personal-level, deliberate, rational states. That is, the practical intentions used to specify and structure skilled actions are best conceived of as higher-order, motor-modal structures, which can be manipulated and used by the agent for the purpose of reasoning, deliberation, decision-making and, of course, the actual online structuring and organizing of action.

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