scholarly journals Determination of Fire Risk of Selected Alcohols

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (44) ◽  
pp. 81-85
Author(s):  
Denis Benko ◽  
Jozef Martinka ◽  
Tomáš Štefko ◽  
Igor Wachter ◽  
Peter Rantuch
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Molar Mass ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Flammable Liquids ◽  
Effective Heat Of Combustion ◽  
Carbon Monoxide Yield

Abstract The aim of the research was to determine the fire risk of selected flammable liquids (alcohols). Four alcohols, methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol, were chosen for the research. Flammable liquids were examined in a cone calorimeter at 0 and 5 kW.m−2 heat fluxes. Both, the cone calorimeter and test procedure, were in accordance with ISO 5660-1:2015. The fire risk was evaluated mainly on the basis of heat release rate, effective heat of combustion and carbon monoxide yield. Comparison of the achieved parameters of selected alcohols shows that the fire risk of the investigated alcohols increases with increasing the molar mass of alcohol and applied heat flow.

Carboxyhemoglobin Blood Concentrations in Suicides by Fire

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Betz ◽  
G Roider ◽  
L V Meyer ◽  
G Drasch ◽  
W Eisenmenger
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Flammable Liquids ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Extensive Burns

A total of 21 suicides by fire (16 males and 5 females) were investigated. In at least 18 of the 21 cases, flammable liquids were used as accelerants leading to severe and extensive burns. The determination of carboxyhemoglobin concentrations revealed comparatively low levels of between 3 and 30 per cent in suicides committed in the open whereas four out of five deceased found dead in gutted cars showed carbon monoxide saturations ranging from 34 to 87 per cent. In 18 cases (86%) soot was detectable in the airways even in cases with slightly elevated carboxyhemoglobin concentrations, indicating the importance of a careful examination of the airways at autopsy for the detection of vital signs.

scholarly journals The Quantitative Determination of Carbon Monoxide in Cigarette Smoke/Die quantitative Bestimmung von Kohlenmonoxid im Tabakrauch

1969 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-12
Author(s):  
A . J. Kruszynski ◽  
A. Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Quantitative Bestimmung ◽  
Carbon Monoxide Yield ◽  
Cigarette Paper ◽  
Carbon Monoxide Content

AbstractCarbon monoxide is found in the gas phase of cigarette smoke in relatively high quantities. In the present study a quantitative method for the determination of carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke by gas chromatography was used. The construction of a calibration line by means of carbon monoxide produced in the laboratory is indicated and the experimental procedure is described. Furthermore the relation between the carbon monoxide content in smoke and different parameters of the test cigarettes is evaluated. The carbon monoxide content in the smoke of various tobacco blends is determined. An increase of the carbon monoxide content in the smoke is observed after the extraction of sugars from the tobacco. The carbon monoxide content increased from puff to puff when the cigarettes were smoked. Cigarette weight had no influence on carbon monoxide in the smoke. This applies also to the humidity of the tobacco, the acetate filters and the carbon filters. Puff volume and the perforation of cigarette paper, however, influenced the carbon monoxide yield considerably.

scholarly journals Molar mass determination of lignins and characterization of their polymeric structures by multi-detector gel permeation chromatography

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evamaria C. Gaugler ◽  
Wolfgang Radke ◽  
Andrew P. Vogt ◽  
Dawn A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Molar Mass ◽  
Lithium Bromide ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Mass Determination ◽  
Organosolv Lignin ◽  
Gel Permeation ◽  
Softwood Kraft Lignin ◽  
Polymeric Structures

AbstractMolar masses, Mark-Houwink-Sakurada (MHS) exponents, and refractive index increments (dn/dc) for three lignins were determined without derivatization by multi-detector gel permeation chromatography (GPC) in dimethylformamide (DMF) with 0.05 M lithium bromide (LiBr). The lack of effectiveness of fluorescence filters on molar mass determination by GPC-multi-angle laser light scattering (MALS) was confirmed for softwood kraft lignin (Indulin AT) and revealed for mixed hardwood organosolv lignin (Alcell) as well as soda straw/grass lignin (Protobind 1000). GPC with viscometry detection confirmed that these lignins were present as compact molecules. The MHS exponent α for Indulin AT and Alcell was in the order of 0.1. Additionally, the intrinsic viscosity of Protobind 1000 for a given molar mass was much lower than that of either Alcell or Indulin AT. This is the first report of dn/dc values for these three lignins in DMF with 0.05 M LiBr.

scholarly journals Determination of the molar mass of surface-grafted weak polyelectrolyte brushes using force spectroscopy

Polymer ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 111-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ateyyah AL-Baradi ◽  
Michael R. Tomlinson ◽  
Zhenyu J. Zhang ◽  
Mark Geoghegan
Keyword(s):  
Molar Mass ◽  
Force Spectroscopy ◽  
Polyelectrolyte Brushes
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