EFFECT OF CHARCOAL QUALITY ON TOXICITY OF HOOKAH TOBACCO

Анализ современного российского рынка табачной продукции свидетельствует о росте популярности смесей для кальяна. Особенностью данного продукта является специфика его потребления: нагрев с использованием натурального древесного или кокосового угля. Угарный газ – монооксид углерода в дыме кальяна появляется вследствие сгорания угля. Исследованы качественные характеристики угля для кальяна – влажность, продолжительность розжига и горения, динамика изменения температуры чаши и калауда в процессе работы кальянной системы – и его влияние на органолептические свойства кальянного дыма и содержание монооксида углерода в нем. В качестве объекта исследования были образцы угля для кальяна на основе скорлупы грецкого ореха (Украина), на основе скорлупы кокосового ореха (Индонезия), а также быстровозгорающийся древесный уголь, пропитанный селитрой (Польша). Установлено, что содержание монооксида углерода в аэрозоле при использовании угля из скорлупы грецкого ореха на 20% ниже, чем при использовании угля из скорлупы кокосового ореха, и в 10 раз ниже, чем при нагревании быстровозгорающимся древесным углем, пропитанным селитрой. Угли из скорлупы грецкого ореха и скорлупы кокоса имеют большую, чем быстровозгорающийся древесный уголь, продолжительность розжига, однако они характеризуются большей продолжительностью горения, меньше влияют на органолептическое восприятие курильщика и подходят для использования в любых кальянных системах (с калаудом и без него). Analysis of modern Russian market of tobacco products indicates that popularity of hookah tobacco is increasing. The main distinctive feature of this product is peculiarity of its consuming. It is heated by natural charcoal or coconut charcoal. Carbon monoxide in hookah aerosol appears due to burning process of utilized charcoal. Qualitative characteristics of charcoal – humidity, time of starting charcoal burning and time of burning, dynamics of temperature change of the bowl and kalaud during the hookah system are investigated. The effect of hookah charcoal on the organoleptic properties of hookah smoke and the carbon monoxide content in it has been determined. Samples hookah charcoal made of walnut shells (Ukraine), charcoal made of coconut shells (Indonesia), quick lighted charcoal made of wood charcoal and impregnated with niter (Poland) were used as the object of the study. It was found that the carbon monoxide content in the aerosol when using walnut shells charcoal is 20% lower than when using coconut shells charcoal, and 10 times lower than when using quick lighted charcoal. Despite the fact that charcoals from walnut shell and from coconut shell have a much longer time of starting burning than quick lighted charcoal, they are characterized by a longer burning, less affect the organoleptic perception of the smoker and are suitable for use in any hookah systems (with calaud and without it).

CARBON MONOXIDE CONTENT IN THE AEROSOL GAS PHASE OF ELECTRONIC NICOTINE DELIVERY SYSTEMS OF VARIOUS DESIGNS

Представлены результаты анализа содержания монооксида углерода СО в газовой фазе аэрозоля (ГФА) электронных систем доставки никотина (ЭСДН) различных конструкций. Сбор аэрозоля проведен на курительной машине Cerulean SM450 по методу CRM № 81 и CRM № 81экс. Новизна исследований ГФА ЭСДН состоит в количественной оценке содержания СО, включенного в список девяти приоритетных токсичных веществ ВОЗ. Установлено, что в ГФА, продуцируемой устройствами Luxlite и Von Erl My, содержатся следовые количества СО, что связано с относительно низкой мощностью устройств и температурой при генерировании ГФА. Анализ устройств iKuu i200 показал образование СО от 0,04 до 12,4 мг/зат. Отсутствие нормирования максимально допустимого уровня содержания СО в аэрозоле ЭСДН различных конструкций, методической базы для контроля состава веществ, выделяемых в процессе их эксплуатации, является несомненным риском для потребителей, что требует разработки и внедрения системы технического регулирования никотинсодержащей продукции. The results of the analysis of the content of carbon monoxide CO in the aerosol gas phase (AGPh) of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) of various designs are presented. Aerosol collection was carried out on the Cerulean SM450 smoking machine according to the 2 methods: CRM № 81 and experimental CRM № 81exp. The novelty of the AGPh ENDS research is the quantitative assessment of the CO content included in the list of nine priority toxic substances of the WHO. It was found that AGPh produced by Luxlite and Von Erl My devices contains trace amounts of CO, which is due to the relatively low power of the devices and the temperature at which AGPh is generated. The analysis of the iKuu i200 devices showed the formation of CO from 0,04 to 12,4 milligram per puff. The lack of regulation the maximum permissible CO content in the aerosol ENDS different designs, methodological framework for the control of substances generated during their operation, is a definite risk to consumers, which requires the development and implementation of the system of technical regulation products containing nicotine.

Sustainable Biomass Pellets Production Using Vineyard Wastes

Vineyards waste has a great importance as biomass, a renewable source of energy. In this paper eight vine shoot varieties were used for the production of pellets by densification of feedstock materials with four ranges of moisture contents (6–8%, 8–10%, 10–12% and 12–15%). A moisture content of 10% gave durability higher than 97.5% and a calorific value greater than 17 MJ kg−1 and the small durability was obtained for 6–8% moisture. The study shows the significant influence of water during densification. The physicochemical and energetic properties of pellets were evaluated in accordance with ISO 17225-6 (2014). The obtained pellets were also structurally characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). SEM analysis showed the formation of carbon microsphere after pelletization, due to the increase of bulk density and durability of pellets. Also, XRD analysis revealed the crystallinity of cellulose, while TGA analysis showed a total decomposition of pellets. The obtained pellets were burned in a domestic boiler and the flue gases were measured. The preliminary results showed that the vineyard residues had higher emissions, but below the admitted limits, with the exception of carbon monoxide content. The obtained results suggested that the biomass wastes can be used for the production of pellets, aiming to enhance the research for the manufacturing of these sustainable biofuels with some remarks regarding risk of corrosion and slag formation during prolonged use.

Optimization of the Cremator Settings for the Disposal of Poultry Waste By Incineration in a Beet-emitting Boiler

The purpose of this work is to substantiate the parameters of the boiler unit, which ensures the cremation of manure using microwave radiation. The substantiation of the amount of heat released during the burning of chicken manure at the industrial keeping of poultry in the conditions of sharply continental climate on the basis of minimization of product utilization values - ash content of wastes and pollution of smoke emissions is presented. Using the obtained regression models of magnetron emission power, moisture content of the burnt manure mass, mass air consumption for the specified product utilization parameters, the analysis of the relationship between the obtained parameters is made. Correlation analysis has shown a high correlation between the amount of heat released during the combustion of manure and the concentration of carbon monoxide in the smoke emissions. Rationally, the value of carbon monoxide content in the flue gases is 3.9%, corresponding to the amount of heat released 2.1 MJ/kg at the combustion of a kilogram of manure at the ash content of the residue of 18.4% and the initial moisture content of the manure of 38.4%. It provides power of radiation of magnetron 400 W on 1 kg of a waste and the mass flow rate of air of 13.8 kg/h.

Time trends in suicide rates by domestic gas or car exhaust gas inhalation in Japan, 1968–1994

AimsA reduction in the carbon monoxide content of domestic gas and car exhaust gas has been associated with a decrease in gassing suicides in many western countries. In Japan, a reduction in the carbon monoxide content of domestic gas supply began in the early 1970s, and carbon monoxide emissions standards of new passenger cars were significantly strengthened in 1978. However, little is known about the impact of detoxification of these gases on gassing-related suicides in Japan. Therefore, we examined the changing patterns of suicide due to domestic gas or car exhaust gas inhalation by gender and age in Japan between 1968 and 1994.MethodsSuicide mortality data were obtained from the Vital Statistics of Japan. In this study, age was divided into four groups: 15–24, 25–44, 45–64 and 65+ years. Method of suicide was divided into three groups: domestic gas, car exhaust gas and non-gases. We calculated method-specific age-standardised suicide rates by gender within each of the four age groups. We applied joinpoint regression to the data and quantified the observed changes.ResultsSuicide rates by domestic gas, regardless of gender and age, increased from 1968 to the mid-1970s and then decreased sharply. The proportion of all suicides accounted for by domestic gas was comparatively high in the mid-1970s among females aged 15–24 and 25–44 years, while for other gender-age-groups the proportion of domestic gas suicides remained small, even at the peak. For females aged 15–44 years, the decrease in domestic gas suicides appeared to cause a substantial decrease in overall suicides in this gender/age group. Car exhaust gas was a more common method for males, particularly those aged 25–64 years. Car exhaust gas suicide rates for males aged 25–64 years peaked in the mid-1980s, followed by a sharp decrease.ConclusionsA reduction in the carbon monoxide content of the domestic gas, which began in the early 1970s in Japan, was associated with a decrease in domestic gas suicides for both genders of all ages. Concerning females aged 15–44 years, a decrease in domestic gas suicides caused a substantial decrease in overall suicides in this gender/age group since the proportion of domestic gas suicides among all suicides combined was comparatively large. However, it remains uncertain whether the introduction of catalytic converters in the 1970s in Japan resulted in a reduction of suicides from car exhaust gas inhalation.

MONITORING KARBON MONOKSIDA (CO) DAN PARAMETER METEOROLOGIS DI TERMINAL TAWANG ALUN KABUPATEN JEMBER

Tawang Alun Terminal Jember Regency is one of the dense areas ofvehicles have potential to experience carbon monoxide gas pollution and very lowrainfall compared to the surrounding neighborhoods. This research has shown thecondition of air and carbon monoxide concentration in terminal area of TawangAlun. Monitoring used a set of sensor-based tools with an Arduino microcontroller.The results of monitoring of carbon monoxide and meteorological parameters,obtained the highest concentration of carbon monoxide occured during the day butgradually decreased in the afternoon until late in the night when the temperaturewas getting down and the air humidity increases. In contrast to the amount of windspeed that showed the linear distribution pattern as time changed. The averageresult of carbon monoxide measurements on holidays is 71,000-158,000 μg / Nm3 onweekdays of 62,000-69,000 μg /Nm3. This value showed that has exceeded theambient air quality standard limit for carbon monoxide gas is 30,000 μg / Nm3. Theamount of carbon monoxide content is influenced by the volume of vehicles with aregression rate of 82.3%..Keywords: Carbon Monoxide, meteorological parameters, the ambient air qualitystandard