scholarly journals On Logics of Transitive Verbs With and Without Intersective Adjectives

Studia Humana ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
Selçuk Topal
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Logic Program ◽  
Logical System ◽  
Natural Logic ◽  
Transitive Verbs

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the natural logic program which invents logics in natural language. This study presents two logics: a logical system called d R(∀,∃) containing transitive verbs and a more expressive logical system R(∀,∃, IA) containing both transitive verbs and intersective adjectives. The paper offers three different set-theoretic semantics which are equivalent for the logics.

scholarly journals Natural Logic for Natural Language

2007 ◽  
pp. 216-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan van Eijck
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Natural Logic

Formal and informal meaning from documents through skeleton sentences

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Marcoux ◽  
C. M. Sperberg-McQueen ◽  
Claus Huitfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Logical System ◽  
Creation Process ◽  
Structured Document

In [Sperberg-McQueen et al. 2000a], Sperberg-McQueen et al. describe a framework in which the semantics of a structured document is represented by the set of inferences (statements) licensed by the document, that is, statements which can be considered to hold on the basis of the document. The authors suggest that an adequate set of basic inferences can be generated from the document itself by a fairly simple skeleton sentence and deictic expression mechanism. These ideas were taken up and developed in various ways and contexts in later work (see for example [Sperberg-McQueen et al. 2002]) and came to be called the “Formal tag-set description” approach (FTSD). The approach is independent of any particular logical system, and the possibility that the statements licensed by a document be in natural language has been mentioned and exemplified, though not to a large extent. With a different set of preoccupations in mind (namely, providing semantic support to an author during the document creation process), Marcoux introduced in [Marcoux 2006] intertextual semantics (IS), a framework in which the meaning of a document is entirely and exclusively represented by natural language segments. In this paper, we compare the IS and FTSD approaches, and argue that the insights into the meaning of a document supplied by the two approaches actually complement each other. We give a number of concrete examples of increasing complexity, including the set of formal and informal statements derivable in each case, to substantiate our claim.

Grammatical category influences lateralized imagery for sentences

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
SOFIA STROUSTRUP ◽  
MIKKEL WALLENTIN
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Meaning Construction ◽  
Female Character ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Grammatical Subject ◽  
Reading Direction ◽  
Transitive Verbs ◽  
Figure Drawings ◽  
Natural Language Syntax

abstractNatural language syntax has previously been thought to reflect abstract processing rules independent of meaning construction. However, grammatical categories may serve a functional role by allocating attention towards recurrent topics in discourse. Here, we show that listeners incorporate grammatical category into imagery when producing stick figure drawings from heard sentences, supporting the latter view. Participants listened to sentences with transitive verbs that independently varied whether a male or a female character (1) was mentioned first, (2) was the agent or recipient of an action, and (3) was the grammatical subject or object of the sentence. Replicating previous findings, we show that the first named character as well as the agent of the sentence tends to be drawn to the left in the image, probably reflecting left-to-right reading direction. But we also find that the grammatical subject of the sentence has a propensity to be drawn to the left of the object. We interpret this to suggest that grammatical category carries discursive meaning as an attention allocator. Our findings also highlight how language influences processes hitherto thought to be non-linguistic.

scholarly journals Truthmaker semantics for natural language: Attitude verbs, modals, and intensional transitive verbs

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 159-200
Author(s):  
Friederike Moltmann
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Possible Worlds ◽  
Possible Worlds Semantics ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Attitude Reports ◽  
Transitive Verbs ◽  
Language Attitude ◽  
Attitude Verbs ◽  
Truthmaker Semantics ◽  
Further Development

Abstract This paper gives an outline of truthmaker semantics for natural language against the background of standard possible-worlds semantics. It develops a truthmaker semantics for attitude reports and deontic modals based on an ontology of attitudinal and modal objects and on a semantic function of clauses as predicates of such objects. The semantics is applied to factive verbs and response-stance verbs as well as to cases of modal concord. The paper also presents new motivations for ‘object-based truthmaker semantics’ from intensional transitive verbs such as need, look for, own, and buy and gives an outline of their semantics based on a further development of truthmaker semantics.

scholarly journals A relational tsetlin machine with applications to natural language understanding

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupsa Saha ◽  
Ole-Christoffer Granmo ◽  
Vladimir I. Zadorozhny ◽  
Morten Goodwin
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Real World ◽  
Question Answering ◽  
Logic Program ◽  
Closed Domain ◽  
Computing Power ◽  
First Order ◽  
Finite State ◽  
Order Representation ◽  
Pattern Recognition Approach

AbstractTsetlin machines (TMs) are a pattern recognition approach that uses finite state machines for learning and propositional logic to represent patterns. In addition to being natively interpretable, they have provided competitive accuracy for various tasks. In this paper, we increase the computing power of TMs by proposing a first-order logic-based framework with Herbrand semantics. The resulting TM is relational and can take advantage of logical structures appearing in natural language, to learn rules that represent how actions and consequences are related in the real world. The outcome is a logic program of Horn clauses, bringing in a structured view of unstructured data. In closed-domain question-answering, the first-order representation produces 10 × more compact KBs, along with an increase in answering accuracy from 94.83% to 99.48%. The approach is further robust towards erroneous, missing, and superfluous information, distilling the aspects of a text that are important for real-world understanding

Natural Logic and Natural Language Inference

2014 ◽  
pp. 129-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill MacCartney ◽  
Christopher D. Manning
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Natural Logic

Reasoning about apparent contradictions: resolution strategies and positive–negative asymmetries

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 477-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
DEAN SHARPE ◽  
GUY LACROIX
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Apparent Contradiction ◽  
Object Structure ◽  
Natural Logic ◽  
Initial Tendency ◽  
Similar Task ◽  
Resolution Strategies

APPARENT CONTRADICTIONS, e.g. Did Susan like her supper? – Yes and no, involve asserting and denying the same proposition. They therefore violate the classical LAW OF NON-CONTRADICTION, suggesting the use of non-classical INTERPRETIVE STRUCTURES in natural language and reasoning. Experiment 1 explores the range of such interpretive structures available to adults (n = 24) in their reasoning about an apparent contradiction. Experiment 2 uses a similar task to study the emergence of these interpretive structures in young children's reasoning (3;6 to 8;4, n = 48). Results suggest an early facility with resolution strategies relating to OBJECT STRUCTURE (as in, Maybe Susan liked one part of supper but didn't like another part) and an initial tendency to focus on the negative by referring to it first (as in, Maybe Susan didn't like one part of supper but did like another part). We discuss the results in terms of the NATURAL LOGIC of objects and their properties, and the LOGICAL RESOURCES available to young children.

scholarly journals A Natural Logic for Artificial Intelligence, and its Risks and Benefits

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gyula Klima
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Natural Language Processing ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Predicate Logic ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Project Proposal ◽  
Semantic System ◽  
Natural Logic ◽  
Risks And Benefits

This paper is a multidisciplinary project proposal, submitted in the hopes that it may garner enough interest to launch it with members of the AI research community along with linguists and philosophers of mind and language interested in constructing a semantics for a natural logic for AI. The paper outlines some of the major hurdles in the way of “semantics-driven” natural language processing based on standard predicate logic and sketches out the steps to be taken toward a “natural logic”, a semantic system explicitly defined on a well-regimented (but indefinitely expandable) fragment of a natural language that can, therefore, be “intelligently” processed by computers, using the semantic representations of the phrases of the fragment.

scholarly journals Synthetic Logic

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex J. Djalali
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Inference Rule ◽  
Semantic Relation ◽  
Logical Inference ◽  
Algorithmic Approach ◽  
Natural Logic ◽  
Heavy Machinery ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Logical Treatment

The role of inference as it relates to natural language (NL) semantics has often been neglected. Recently, there has been a move away by some NL semanticists from the heavy machinery of, say, Montagovianstyle semantics to a more proof-based approach. Although researchers tend to study each type of system independently, MacCartney (2009) and MacCartney and Manning (2009) (henceforth M&M) recently developed an algorithmic approach to natural logic that attempts to combine insights from both monotonicity calculi and various syllogistic fragments to derive compositionally the relation between two NL sentences from the relations of their parts. At the heart of their system, M&M begin with seven intuitive lexicalsemantic relations that NL expressions can stand in, e.g., synonymy and antonymy, and then ask the question: if ' stands in some lexicalsemantic relation to ; and stands in (a possibly different) lexicalsemantic relation to ✓; what lexical-semantic relation (if any) can be concluded about the relation between ' and ✓? This type of reasoning has the familiar shape of a logical inference rule. However, the logical properties of their join table have not been explored in any real detail. The purpose of this paper is to give M&M’s table a proper logical treatment. As I will show, the table has the underlying form of a syllogistic fragment and relies on a sort of generalized transitive reasoning.

On the Relationship between a Computational Natural Logic and Natural Language

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Troels Andreasen ◽  
Henrik Bulskov ◽  
Jørgen Fischer Nilsson ◽  
Per Anker Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Natural Logic ◽  
The Relationship
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