Sokol Idea – Idea For The 21st Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-210
Author(s):  
Kristina M. Pantelić Babić ◽  
Sladjana Mijatovic ◽  
Dejan Gavrilovic
Keyword(s):  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Physical Culture ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
The 19Th Century

SummaryCreated by the idea of Miroslav Tyrš in the second half of the 19th century as a movement of spiritual and physical strengthening of the nation, sokolism soon spread to all countries where the Slavic people lived. In that way, it reached the territory of Herzegovina as well. However, what exactly was the idea of the sokol movement, what did it develop into in the first half of the 20th century in Herzegovina and whether it is an idea that can benefit a man of the 21st century as well, are just some of the questions that the authors deal with in this research. Although Miroslav Tyrš and his sokols are typical representatives of ethnocentrism, the sokolism of Herzegovina has expanded its ideas also in another direction. Using physical exercise as a gracious food for their body and truth and zeal as food for their soul, they may have been able to hint at what is an essential need almost a century later, and that is a theoanthropocentric way of approaching man which has been used more and more lately, especially in the field of physical culture. The appointed problems authors research using the method of theoretical analysis and historical method.

scholarly journals Confessional conversions on the territory of Belarus in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century: overview of historiography

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Marharyta M. Karol
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
General State ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Religious Issues ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article examines the stages of the formation of historiography devoted to the problems of confessional conversions in the second half of the 19th century on the territory of the Belarusian provinces. The historiographic trends that formed from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 21st century were identified and analysed. The authour studies the peculiarities of Belarusian and foreign historiography at the present stage, when a large number of works on religious issues has appeared, including confessional conversions. It is argued that in Soviet times, the issue of transitions from Catholicism to Orthodoxy was practically not touched upon. In their approaches and assessments, some researchers continue the traditions of pre-revolutionary historiography, but the majority of modern scientists strive to give an objective picture of religious processes on the Belarusian lands, to show them in the context of general state policy. The relevance of the article is due to the coverage of various points of view on the problem of confessional conversions. It is noted that pre-revolutionary researchers, first of all, sought to prove the voluntariness of conversions to Orthodoxy, but during this period, works were also created in which this thesis was questioned.

scholarly journals Panorámica historiográfica de los estudios sobre el Mitra védico, avéstico y romano

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 297
Author(s):  
Israel Campos Méndez
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Global Understanding ◽  
Scientific Nature ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Accidental Discovery

Resumen: El interés que ha suscitado la figura del dios Mitra ha dejado como reflejo estudios que se remontan al periodo romano. Sin embargo, a partir del Renaci­miento el descubrimiento casual de piezas escul­tóricas de asunto mitraico, atrajo el interés de in­vestigadores que indagaron en sus escritos sobre la identidad de la divinidad que aparecía matando un toro. Durante los siglos XVI al XVIII, la temática solar y la identificación del Mitraísmo se convirtió en el contenido de estos estudios. A partir del s. XIX, empieza a tomar forma una investigación de carácter más científico sobre la cuestión mitraica, que encontrará su nacimiento formal con los tra­bajos de F. Cumont a principios del s. XX. Este si­glo pasado ha sido el que ha visto florecer el mayor y más profundo volumen de estudios desentrañan­do los misterios vinculados al dios Mitra, tanto en su vertiente de divinidad de los panteones védicos y avésticos, como en el ámbito del culto mistérico desarrollado en el marco del Imperio Romano. En los comienzos del siglo XXI, todavía permanecen abiertas algunas hipótesis iniciales, pero sí se cons­tata una vitalidad en los estudios para la compren­sión global del Mitraísmo.Palabras clave: Mitra, Mitraísmo, Avesta, Veda, Cumont.Abstract: One mark of the interest attached to the god Mithra is the line of studies dating back to the Ro­man period. It was, however, during the Renais­sance that the accidental discovery of sculptural pieces of a Mithraic subject attracted the interest of researchers, who sought to identify the bull-ki­lling divinity. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, this field of research re-oriented itself to the solar theme and the identification of Mithraism. In the 19th century, it took on a scientific nature, and the landmark the studies of F. Cumont saw the light of day in early 20th century. As the century progres­sed ambitious in-depth studies flourished, unra­velling the mysteries linked to the cult of the god Mithra, both in terms of the divinity of the Vedic and Avestan pantheons and of the sphere of the mystery cult established in the context of the Ro­man Empire. At the beginning of the 21st century, some initial hypotheses remain open, but the vi­tality of studies pursuing a global understanding of Mithraism remains unchallenged.Key words: Mithra, Mithraism, Avesta, Veda, Cumont.

An Israeli University-Level Approach to Judezmo (Ladino), Traditional Language of the Sephardic Jews

2020 ◽  
pp. 214-226
Author(s):  
David Monson Bunis
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Social Pressure ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Sephardic Jews ◽  
Israeli Government ◽  
Traditional Language ◽  
Hebrew University ◽  
The 19Th Century

Judezmo, or Ladino or Judeo-Spanish, is the traditional language of the Sephardic or Iberian Jews who after 1492 resettled in the Ottoman Empire, many of them remaining in the region into the 21st century. Structurally, Modern Judezmo is composed mostly of elements of popular medieval Ibero-Romance, Ibero-Arabic, Hebrew and Aramaic, Turkish and Balkan languages, and Italian and French. Into the first half of the 20th century, the language was written primarily in the Hebrew alphabet; from the second half of the 19th century, Romanization was also used, leading to the unique Romanization which predominates today. The language was not taught formally in the speech community until the 19th century; instead language study focused on Hebrew. In the late 1970s, popular social pressure led the Israeli government to acknowledge the important role played by Judezmo in the Sephardic Diaspora by introducing Judezmo courses in Israeli universities. The chapter focuses on the challenges of teaching Judezmo at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

3. History and heroes

2018 ◽  
pp. 46-82
Author(s):  
Ben Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Literature ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Culture Wars ◽  
Empire Building ◽  
Jewish Diaspora ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Western Perspective

Seen from a Western perspective, the history of comparative literature can be divided into three categories: how European literatures have been compared inside Europe; how European literature has been compared with other cultures outside Europe; and how literatures outside Europe have been compared among themselves. ‘History and heroes’ explains how from the empire building of the 19th century, via the Jewish diaspora of the 20th century, to the postcolonial culture wars of the 21st century, the problems and prejudices of comparative literature have formed a cultural counterpart to the problems and prejudices of modernity. To understand its history, in this spirit, is to understand why it matters.

scholarly journals Reforming Police: Opportunities, Drivers and Challenges

2005 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip C. Stenning ◽  
Clifford D. Shearing
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Quiet Revolution ◽  
The World ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Different Parts

A few years ago, David Bayley and Clifford Shearing (1996) argued that at the end of the 20th century we were witnessing a ‘watershed’ in policing, when transformations were occurring in the practices and sponsorship of policing on a scale unprecedented since the developments that heralded the creation of the ‘New Police’ in the 19th century. In this special issue of the journal, we and our fellow contributors turn our attention to a somewhat neglected aspect of this ‘quiet revolution’ in policing (Stenning & Shearing, 1980), namely the nature of the opportunities for, and challenges posed by, the reform of policing in different parts of the world at the beginning of the 21st century. Our attention in this issue is particularly focused on the opportunities, drivers and challenges in reforming public (state-sponsored) police institutions.

scholarly journals Tamed Mobilization. Marian Messages, Pilgrim Masses and Papal Moderateness in Fatima since Paul VI

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 671
Author(s):  
Mariano P. Barbato
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Religious Discourse ◽  
Second Vatican Council ◽  
Vatican Council ◽  
Marian Apparitions ◽  
The Masses ◽  
The 19Th Century

Marian apparitions attract modern masses since the 19th century. The radical message of the apparition asking for penitence and the return of public and politics to God resonated well within major parts of Catholicism. While popes kept promoting Marian pilgrimages in order to secure their public and political standing throughout the 20th and 21st century, they tried to control the masses and to attenuate the messages. Particularly since the Second Vatican Council, the popes tamed mobilization. Instead of stirring up the masses, popes kept modest at Marian apparitions sites. A quantitative analysis of the papal documents issued during papal journeys to Fatima, the most political apparition of the 20th century, shows that a modest religious discourse about God and world had been presented instead of promoting the critical messages of the apparition. Following the methodological ideal of parsimony, the analysis concentrates on the most uttered words during the journeys and compares the four pontificates since Paul VI. Instead of stressing the radical message of Fatima, which is introduced in the discussion of the findings, the pontificates share a modest Catholic discourse.

THE BEGINNINGS OF ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT FOR UKRAINIAN ACADEMIC VOCAL PERFORMING

2019 ◽  
pp. 25-36
Author(s):  
A. K. Tereshchenko
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
The World ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Vocal Art ◽  
Opera Singers ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Creative Life

The purpose of this article is disclosing genic underground for germination and evolution of Ukrainian academic vocal performing. The target of this investigation is also revealing the most characteristic features of domestic vocal tradition into the stage concerning to formation of Ukrainian professional vocal art. The methodology of this exploration is formed by researcher on the basis employment of historical method, which connects with studying definite biographical information of Ukrainian academic singers. The systematic manner has the specific significance for special formation the investigative sequence of Ukrainian performers’ the most characteristic vocal criterions. The structurally analytical method26allows to hold out the logic of scientific disquisition, its structure and to texture the general conclusions. The scientific newness of the presented article is determined by appeal to phenomenon of Ukrainian vocal academic art into its stage beginning and further evolutional development. The discovering of not renowned facts from creative life of celebrated Ukrainian singers namely Mykola Ivanov, Semen Hulak-Artemovsky, Alexander Mishug, Kamil Everardy, Alexander Korobeychenko, Anatoly Solovyanenko and Lyudmila Yurchenko is novelty into the scientific work. Conclusions. The world famous creation of Ukrainian opera singers specifically Mykola Ivanov and Semen Hulak-Artemovsky is genic foundation of Ukrainian academic vocal performing. Namely these artists, from the middle of the 19th century, began its approving and passing to descendants on the highest professional level. The permanent connect with Italian vocal tradition as well as Ukrainian-Italian concert-creative relationships are the most peculiar traits, the characterological features of domestic vocal performing, into the stage organization of Ukrainian vocal art’s phenomenon. The successors of such a type art events in the 20th century were celebrated performers, exactly the singers and teachers Alexander Mishug, Kamil Everard, Alexander Korobeychenko, Anatoly Solovyanenko, Lyudmila Yurchenko and others.

scholarly journals Phonetic traits of the Chalkan language (based on the materials of V. V. Radlov, N. A. Baskakov, and modern field research)

2020 ◽  
pp. 171-179
Author(s):  
N. N. Fedina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Text Analysis ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper describes the phonetic correlations found in the records done by V. V. Radlov (1866–1907), N. A. Baskakov (1934–1952), and modern Chalkan records (2010–2019). We show certain phonetic shifts that have taken place since the middle of the 19th century: spirantization of labial consonants in the inlaut; the shifts in consonants: j-č-t’; elimination of the auslaut -ғ (-ɣ). Graphic correlations are also shown in anlaut: p- (mid-19th century), b- (mid-20th century), p- (early 21st century). The text analysis in the diachronic aspect allowed us to assume that the anlaut grapheme “b” in the texts of N. A. Baskakov is not a confirmation of the presence of the corresponding sound [b] in the language of the Chalkans of the beginning of the 20th century. The use of the analog sound [p] instead of [b] is evidenced by the materials of V. V. Radlov. N. A. Baskakov most likely used the grapheme “b” in his texts to reflect Chalkan speech at the beginning of the 20th century by analogy with other Turkic closely related languages in which this sound is present. Graphic correlations are also shown in inlaut: -џ- (mid-19th century), -dž- / -ž- (mid-20th century), -ž- / -š’- (early 21st century). Graphic variations stem from the fact that the Chalkan language remains unwritten to this day, and for the transmission of national speech, researchers and native speakers use graphics of written Altai and Russian languages, adapting it to the features of their speech.

scholarly journals SYNCHRONOUS AND DIACHRONIC LANGUAGE RESEARCH (ORIGINS, DIFFERENTIATION, DEVELOPMENT)

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
A. Ibragimova
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Wilhelm Von Humboldt ◽  
Ferdinand De Saussure ◽  
Language Research ◽  
Study And Teaching ◽  
Statics And Dynamics ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is devoted to the analysis and description of the formation of diachronic and synchronic linguistics. The birth and formation of the science of language from the standpoint of its synchronicity and diachrony was of great importance for the development of linguistics at the end of the 19th century. and in the 20th century. Starting from Wilhelm von Humboldt and Ferdinand de Saussure, the examination of language in statics and dynamics (language and speech) is intertwined with the study of language in diachronic and synchronic aspects. In modern linguistics, both theoretically and practically in this regard, all written languages have been investigated, therefore the science of language gives an idea of all languages, but with varying degrees of research, primarily of the diachronic aspect.In terms of synchronicity, modern languages have been studied quite deeply and widely, which is confirmed by textbooks and other teaching materials for their study and teaching. In the process of writing the article, methods such as the method of theoretical analysis, the method of linguistic analysis, and the comparative method were used.

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