scholarly journals The Bases of Derivation of Old English Affixed Nouns: Status and Category

2010 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Torres
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Journal Article ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Lexical Database ◽  
Single Base ◽  
Compound Nouns

The Bases of Derivation of Old English Affixed Nouns: Status and Category The aim of this journal article is to carry out a complete analysis of the category, status and patterns of the bases of derivation of Old English affixal nouns. The results of the analysis are discussed in the light of the evolution from stem-formation to word-formation. The corpus of analysis of this research is based on data retrieved from the lexical database of Old English Nerthus, which contains 30170 predicates. 16694 out of these are nouns, of which 4115 are basic and 12579 qualify as non-basic. Within non-basic nouns there are 3488 affixed nouns (351 by prefixation and 3137 by suffixation) and 9091 compound nouns. The line of argumentation is that, under certain circumstances, the existence of more than one base available for the formation of a derivative does not reinforce the explanation of invariable bases; on the contrary, it goes in the direction of variable bases produced by inflectional processes and made ready for derivation. The following conclusions are reached. In the first place, the importance is underlined of formations on stems in Old English, involving, at least, nouns. Secondly, the analysis evidences that the importance of stem-formation in Old English might be higher than has been acknowledged by previous studies. If Old English made extensive use of words as bases of derivation, a single base should be available; if, on the contrary, Old English is still dependent on stem-formation, more than one base is likely to be found for a single derivative. Such alternative bases of derivation reflect stemformation that may result from inflectional means and be eventually used for derivational purposes.

scholarly journals CLOSING SUFFIXES IN OLD ENGLISH: A STUDY BASED ON RECURSIVE AFFIXATION

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 27-54
Author(s):  
Roberto Torre Alonso ◽  
Darío Metola Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
English Word ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Lexical Database ◽  
Lexical Categories ◽  
Productive Process

ABSTRACT This paper takes issue with the lexicon of Old English and, more specifically, with the existence of closing suffixes in word-formation. Closing suffixes are defined as base suffixes that prevent further suffixation by word-forming suffixes (Aronoff & Furhop 2002: 455). This is tantamount to saying that this is a study in recursivity, or the formation of derivatives from derived bases, as in anti-establish-ment, which requires the attachment of the prefix anti- to the derived input establishment. The present analysis comprises all major lexical categories, that is, nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs and concentrates on suffixes because they represent the newest and the most productive process in Old English word-formation (Kastovsky 1992, 2006), as well as the set of morphemes that has survived into Present-day English without undergoing radical changes. Given this aim, the data retrieved from the lexical database of Old English Nerthus (www.nerthusproject.com) comprise 6,073 affixed (prefixed and suffixed) derivatives, including 3,008 nouns, 1,961 adjectives, 974 adverbs and 130 verbs. All of them have been analysed in order to isolate recursive formations.

scholarly journals Semantic primes in historical languages. The identification of the Old English exponent for DO

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Mateo Mendaza
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Journal Article ◽  
Lexical Database ◽  
Prime Exponent ◽  
Prime Identification

This journal article follows the research line opened on the search for semantic primes’ exponents in Old English within the frame of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage theory (Goddard 1997, 2012; Goddard and Wierzbicka 2002). The aim of this study is to complete the line of research on prime identification opened on the category Actions, Events, Movement, Contact by establishing the Old English exponent of the prime DO. With this purpose, this paper discusses the adequacy of different OE verbs as possible prime exponent on the basis of textual frequency, morphology, semantics and syntactic complementation. Relevant data of analysis have been retrieved mainly from the lexical database of Old English Nerthus, the Dictionary of Old English (Healey et al. 2018) and the Dictionary of Old English Corpus (Healey et al. 2009).  

scholarly journals OLD ENGLISH ADJECTIVAL AFFIXATION: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 5-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Vea Escarza
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Old English ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Lexical Database ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to carry out a structural-functional analysis of the formation of Old English adjectives by means of affixation. By analysing the rules and operations that produce the 3,356 adjectives which the lexical database of Old English Nerthus (www.nerthusproject.com) turns out as affixal derivatives, a total of fourteen derivational functions have been identified. Additionally, the analysis yields conclusions concerning the relationship between affixes and derivational functions, the patterns of recategorization present in adjective formation and recursive word-formation.

scholarly journals COMPOUND NOUNS IN GERMAN LANGUAGE

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (10(78)) ◽  
pp. 124-127
Author(s):  
Svitlana Korol
Keyword(s):  
Component Composition ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Regular Growth ◽  
German Language ◽  
New Words ◽  
Plural Form ◽  
Compound Nouns ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Relationship Of

The article deals with one of the most common types of word formation in German as word compounding. Compound nouns have become the object of study, as this part of the language leads the way in the formation of new words in this way. The relevance of the research is reinforced by the fact that German compound nouns differ by their multicomponent structure and are in the process of regular growth of their numbers, so they are attracting the attention of Germanists of different generations continuously. The study has examined the nature of the component composition of composites, the types of bonding between components, the types of constituent components, the role of the connecting element, the syllable’s accentuation of components of the compound noun etc. The compound can be built from nouns, adjectives, verbs or an invariable element (prepositions). There is no limit of the number of the associated words. The last word in the compound always determines the gender and plural form of the compound noun. The connectors or linking elements in existing German compound words often correspond to old case endings (e.g., plural, genitive). These endings expressed the relationship of the compound parts to one another. The article considers the causes of the formation of complex nouns. Compounds make the German language more flexible. In general, compounds are used to convey more information in one word and for reasons of language economy. Special attention deserves such a phenomenon as Denglish. This is the mashing of words from the two languages to create new hybrid words.

The Uses of Association: Hands and Feasts in Beowulf

PMLA ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Rosier
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Critical Studies ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Bona Fide ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many ◽  
High Degree

The Beowulf Poet's extraordinary facility in using a vast and diverse word-hoard has long excited students of the poem. Among the critical studies, discussions of vocabulary rank high in number, and almost every conceivable approach to the subject has been investigated either in part or with a high degree of thoroughness. Single words, such as ealuscerwen, and groups of related words, such as rime-words, kennings, and words of Christian content or reference, have received close attention, as well as larger lexical patterns, such as variation and the formulaic texture, while further studies have compared the vocabulary with that of other Old English poems or Nordic literatures. Aside from purely lexicographical or etymological inquiries, there are three perspectives to which these many discussions generally belong: 1) descriptive: usually statistical observations about the number of compounds relative to simplices or of formulas relative to the whole vocabulary of the poem, or a comparison of the frequency of certain lexical types with other poems, or a classification of the habits of word-formation; 2) figurative and appellative: the types of verbal figures and their analogues elsewhere in Old English and Old Norse; and 3) usage: the use of words in particular contexts or for specific effects, and the structural use of synonymic substitution and variation. The first emphasis is important because it reveals the composition and its formative strata of the poem's total vocabulary, and also the lexical relationships with other poetry or poetic traditions. The second serves to isolate a lexical stratum which is by nature exclusively poetic and to observe how much of this stratum is probably original and how much traditional. But it is the third perspective which is interested most essentially in the poet, since here the attempt is made to discern the many ways by which he has used language significantly to dramatize, emphasize, elucidate, intimate, and so on. Much that has been written in this category has concerned itself with the larger patterns of variation as a characterizing, describing, or structural device, rather than with smaller, more confined, strokes of verbal association and verbal play. A well-known instance of the latter is the epithet for Grendel, healoegn (142) which, in its context, wherein a bona fide hall-thane anxiously seeks out a hiding place as protection against the intruder, may with complete justification be termed ironic, and the same thing may be said of a similar appellation used later for both Grendel and Beowulf, renweardas (770), There are also hints here and there that the poet may have been influenced by learned Latin figures. Many years ago Albert Cook compared flod blode weol (1422; Exodus 463, flod blod gewod) to Aldhelm's fluenta cruenta (De Virginitate, 2600), and more recently H. D. Meritt called attention to the similarity between Hrothgar's warning that in death “eagena bearhtm / forsiteo ond forsworces” (1766b-67a) and Aldhelm's “ferreus leti somnus palpebrarum conuolatus non tricaverit” (De Virg. Prose, 321.7, ed. Ewald). It is in the smaller strokes, I think, that the poet's acumen and craft are most incisively contained, and it is to some of these that the present discussion is devoted.

scholarly journals Synonymous in word-formatting of compound nouns in the modern Russian language

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
Hanh My Bui
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Formal Semantic ◽  
Compound Nouns ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Modern Russian

This article presents the results of the survey of synonymous in word-formation of compound nouns in the modern Russian language as a kind of formal-semantic relations between the components of compound nouns. Synonymous of Russian compound nouns can be found in subordinate components or in main components, or in both components of compound nouns. Synonymous of Russian compound nouns includes the following cases: synonymous of components in compound nouns and synonymous of compound nouns. In cases where compound nouns share the same main component and contain synonyms subordinate components, or which share the same subordinate component and contain synonymous main components, or contain both synonymous subordinate components and the synonymous main components, then the compound nouns themselves also become synonyms. Synonymous components have a distribution in the workplace of different meanings and productivity levels in the wordformation of compound nouns due to the influence of different factors such as semantics, style and morphology.

A contribution to Old English lexicography

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura García Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Complete List ◽  
English Class

Abstract This article contributes to Old English Lexicography with the lemmatisation of five Old English class VII verbs. The scope is restricted to utgangan, wiðhealdan, ofersceadan, onbefeallan and ongangan, for which very little information can be gathered from the available lexicographical sources. Lemmatisation is a pending task because there is not a complete list with all the attested forms by dictionary word, and because the available corpora are unlemmatised. The methodology focuses on the manual revision of the inflectional forms (retrieved from the DOEC) using lexicographical and textual sources with the aim of providing the citations together with their translation into Present-Day English. As a result, this work provides insights on building dictionary entries for these verbs, including the list of inflectional forms attested in the corpus, the meaning definition, and the morphology of the word formation. The entries for these lemmas, if listed by the dictionaries, are often incomplete, but more importantly, they are not based on a lemmatised corpus.

The Application and E-C Translation Methods of Common Archaisms in Business Contract

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 798
Author(s):  
Jialei Hu ◽  
Huixia Lu
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Translation Method ◽  
Typical Characteristic ◽  
Language Style ◽  
Legal Document ◽  
Business Contract ◽  
Translation Methods

Archaism (Old English) is rare in daily modern English, but often appears in business contracts. Business contract is a legal document, it has its own language style, one of the most typical characteristic is the use of archaism. It is necessary to learn the archaism in detail. This article mainly explores the archaism from three aspects----word-formation law, E-C translation method and the specific use in contracts.

The Old English adjectival affixes ful- and -ful

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Mateo Mendaza
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Lexical Database

The aim of this article is to measure the indexes of productivity of the prefix ful- and the suffix -ful in Old English adjective formation. This analysis is based on Baayen’s framework, which comprises different measures on productivity. The major sources of the analysis are The Dictionary of Old English Corpus and the lexical database of Old English Nerthus. This study of productivity allows for a diachronic perspective on the evolution of these affixes from the Old English period to the present. The main conclusion drawn from this analysis is that the suffix -ful is more productive than its prefixal counterpart, which implies that more productive patterns are still maintained in Present-day English in contradistinction to the less productive ones.

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