It takes two to tango: combining asset specificity and uncertainty to explain the diversity of plural forms

In this paper, we rely on an extended version of the traditional transaction cost economics (TCE) framework to explain the variety of plural forms in the governance of food supply chains. Relying on the interplay of two transactional attributes – asset specificity and uncertainty – we explore not only the existence of plural forms, but their empirical diversity. This aspect has been largely under-explored and very little has been done empirically so far in this respect, despite its empirical significance. From an organizational point of view, this diversity requires an explanation as they carry different governance properties. We propose that while both are important drivers for the prevalence of plural forms, each of them plays a different role in their composition. Whereas uncertainty determines the type of plural form, asset specificity determines the level of coordination within the plural form and sheds light in the relative weights of each organizational arrangement composing it. An embedded case study of the Korin firm in Brazil, a leading firm in the organic food market, illustrates.

SEMANTIC AND STYLISTIC BASIS OF MORPHOLOGICAL DOUBLETS

Параллельные формы множественного числа в осетинском языке встречаются как у заимствованных слов, у которых могут быть приметой ассимилированности слова, так и в парадигме склонения исконных слов. Такие формы отмечены преимущественно в терминосистеме родства, анализ которых позволяет уточнить представления об этимологическом развитии отдельных слов и общегрупповых морфологических, семантических процессах в системе терминов родства. Экстраполяция данных других языков, а также диахронический анализ осетинского материала позволяет восполнить недостающие элементы матрицы. Вывод о языковой потребности маркировать морфологическим способом различные значения, оформлять собирательное плюрального, отмеченного в ряде языков для различения простого множественного и собирательного, а также обозначить стилистическую принадлежность той или иной формы основывается на сопоставлении параллельных форм множественного числа терминов родства. Особое внимание уделяется отсутствию регулярной формы множественного числа у осетинской лексемы ус “жена”. Наличие параллельных форм может отражать первоначальное существование паронимов, у которых, ввиду минимальности семантической дистанции между ними и высокой омонимичности, происходила контаминация парадигм склонения. Пароним, оформленный суффиксом терминов родства, мог обозначать “жена”, соответственно, пароним без форманта мог употребляться в значении “женщина”. На образование форм множественного числа могли оказывать влияние и другие языковые процессы. И возникновение, и утрата дублетных форм могли быть обусловлены экстралингвистическими факторами. Parallel plural forms in the Ossetian language are found both in the borrowed words, which may sign the degree of assimilation of a loan, and in the declension of the original words. Such forms are noted mainly in the system of kinship terms, their analysis makes it possible to clarify ideas about the etymological development of the individual words, about the general development of morphological system, and semantic processes in the system of terms of kinship. Extrapolation of data from other languages, as well as diachronic analysis of the Ossetian material, proper, makes it possible to fill in the missing elements of the matrix. Based on the comparison of the parallel forms of the plural of kinship terms, a conclusion is made about the linguistic need to mark different meanings in a morphological way, to indicate the collective plural, peculiar to a number of languages, to distinguish between the simple plural and the collective, and to designate the stylistic features of one form or another. Particular attention is paid to the absence of a regular plural form in the Ossetian lexeme of affinity "us" - "wife". The presence of parallel forms may reflect the initial existence of the paronyms, in which, due to the minimal semantic distance between them and the high homonymy, there was a contamination of two declination paradigms. The paronym, formed by the suffix of the terms of kinship, could have meant “wife”, respectively, the paronym without the formant could have been used in the meaning of “woman”. The formation of plural forms could also be influenced by other linguistic processes. Both the emergence and loss of doublet forms could be accounted for by extralinguistic factors.

Nunatsiavut, ‘Our beautiful land’: Inuit landscape ethnoecology in Labrador, Canada

For Inuit in the subarctic transition zone of northeastern Canada, an intimate knowledge of the environment and local biodiversity is crucial for successful traditional activities. This study examines what kinds of landscape features and habitats Inuit of Nunatsiavut recognize and name. During interviews, community members (mostly Elders) were shown photographs from the region, and were asked to describe and name salient types of places in Labrador Inuttitut. The most frequently reported geographical units dealt with the region’s topography (e.g., ‘mountain’, ‘island’, ‘flat-place’), hydrology (e.g., ‘river’, ‘bay’), and superficial characteristics (e.g., ‘bedrock’, ‘permanent snow patch’). Ecological considerations were also prominent, such as plant associations and animal habitats (e.g., ‘shrubby-place’, wetland’, ‘caribou-return-to-place’). Areas were often characterized by a dominant species or substrate type, being named using the plural form of the species/substrate (e.g., napâttuk ‘tree’/ napâttuit ‘forest’, siugak ‘sand’/siugalak ‘sandy-area’). Some types of places reported by Inuit were significant mainly for traditional activities (e.g., ‘berry-patch’, ‘seal-place’, ‘dry-wood-place’, ‘danger-place’), aiding navigation and resource finding. Integrating Inuit conceptions of ecosystems and their component landscape units with those of contemporary science can improve our understanding of subarctic ecology, benefit climate change adaptation strategies and Inuit language/culture conservation initiatives.

Personvārdi Nīcas pagasta Verbeļu kapu piemiņas zīmju uzrakstos

The linguistic landscape of Verbeļi Cemetery in Nīca municipality was researched, analyzing the use of personal names in memorial inscriptions. As the oldest inscriptions of the memorial were from 1874, the possible time of the cemetery’s establishment is the end of the 19th century. The cemetery belongs to an open type, which means that burials are still carried out there. The research material covers the period from 1874 to 2020. 133 cemetery burials were recorded; 124 of them are identifiable memorial signs. The study analyzes various trends in the use of personal names and peculiarities of spelling, as well as extensions of the anthroponymic formula like a woman’s surname before the wedding inscripted on the monument (Anna Bumbulis born Verbelis, Ilze Paipa born Rāva); inclusion of the person’s middle name (Jānis Voldemārs Pundiks, Austra Maiga Ģelze). The frequency of the anthroponymic formula (name, surname in Latvian) or deviations from this norm was studied: surname written before the name (Nāģis Miķelis, Pāvils Zelma); the use of feminine surnames in masculine (Made Novads, Klibais Margrieta); female surnames without a suffix (Ilse Werbel, Anna Baschtik). The use of initials was also found in two cases. Surnames from other languages are one of the aspects that reveal the diversity of the linguistic landscape of the cultural environment of the cemetery: Russian-language-based surnames (Žuravļevs Osips, Zaharovs Pēteris); German-language-based surnames (Dzintars Šulcs, Ilze Maulics, Stenders Kārlis, Haralds Freibergs); Polish-language-based surnames (Vidopski Gunārs, Valija); Lithuanian-language-based surnames (Alfrīdas Dejus, F. Sergējus). Some ancient memorial inscriptions have retained unique historical evidence of writing traditions in old orthography, such as the long vowel writing, where a consonant follows the short vowel: - h-: -eh- < ē = Jehkab < Jēkabs. The influence of the German language can be seen, for example, in the spelling of letters, where three special letters or a set of specific letters indicate consonant softening: sch < š = Baschtik < Baštik. In the inscriptions, the tendency of partial anonymity was found: the family members are not named, but only the name of the family is mentioned: Piķu family. One surname in the masculine in singular or plural form unites two family members, for instance, husband and wife, father and son, etc.

ANALISIS BENTUK DAN MAKNA JAM’ AL TAKSĪR DALAM ALQURAN JUZ 29 DAN 30 (ANALISIS MORFOLOGIS DAN SEMANTIS)

Broken plural is one of three plural study of arabic. It has special character whose make it different. Two other plural (intact masculine plural and intact feminine plural) have constant alteration of accidence measure, while it hasn’t. It has complex alteration measure. Alteration of this plural happend through augmentation, elimination, and by changing it’s vowel. Purpose of this research is to know derivate, formation method, and meaning from semantics sector of broken plural on the koran juz 29 and 30. This research is qualitative research with library research design. Data on this research are all of broken plural on the koran juz 29 and 30. Data aggregation of this research use documentation method with data card and recapitulation thread in instrument. Result of this research is from 92 data, 28 data are minor plural, 37 data are major plural, and 27 data are ultimate plural form. Based on semantics, 41 data have constant meaning, 11 data have generalization meaning, 28 data have constrict meaning, and 12 data have changing meaning.

A Sixteenth-Century Swedish Chronicler and his King on Folktales and Ballads

The first Scandinavian mentions of magic folk tales and ballads are by two clergymen-cum-historians, Olavus Petri (the Swedish reformer, 1493–1552), in a generic discussion in the lengthy Introduction to his unpublished Swedish Chronicle), and Anders Foss (1543–1607, Danish-born bishop of Bergen in Norway), who cites ATU 327B & 853 in a discussion of the reliability of Saxo’s late twelfth-century Gesta Danorum). Both discuss the value of traditional oral tales (and ballads) as historical sources: Anders Foss rejects them, whereas Olavus Petri emphasizes their value as expressions of demotic attitudes towards the rich and mighty. This was heavily censured by King Gustaf I Vasa, who forbade the publication of Olavus’ Chronicle. Note on terminology: Olavus Petri’s preface, a large part of which is here translated for the first time, seems to be the first evidence of the Swedish word “sagor” (plural of “saga”) being used to denote a specific narrative genre (= wonder tales?). Similarly, Anders Foss’s “euentyrer” (archaic plural form of “eventyr” = Märchen, sg. & pl.) is probably the first example of the word being used in this sense in Danish (other than in the still current meaning “adventure” or “quest”).

TYPES, FUNCTIONS, AND MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESS OF REDUPLICATION IN SUMBAWA BESAR DIALECT

The study discusses the types, functions, and morphological processes of Reduplication in the Sumbawa Besar dialect. Data was taken from recorded conversation, which naturally occurred among the native speakers of Sumbawa Besar Dialect. The native were also interviewed to gain deeply information. Finding of this study describes some types of Reduplication in Sumbawa Besar Dialect namely full Reduplication, partial Reduplication, and reduplication variation of phoneme. In full Reduplication, the word is fully repeated without any additional morpheme or phoneme to the base word. For example, the base word ‘lao’ (slow) is fully reduplicated becomes ‘lao-lao’ (slowly). Partial Reduplication is partly the repetition of the base word. For example, ‘Barema’ (together) is the base form that is reduplicated by repeating the last phoneme to become ‘Barema-rema’. ‘Barema’ is the base and ‘rema’ is its phoneme which is repeated to form Reduplication. Reduplication variation of phoneme is the type of Reduplication which combines two different word classes and meaning to create meaningful Reduplication. As example, ‘sedo-gaso’ (supplies). ‘sedo’ is the first base word and the second word is ‘gaso’. Those are combined to create Reduplication becomes ‘sedo-gaso’ (supplies). Function of Reduplication in Sumbawa Besar Dialect was to change word classes as verb is changed into noun and change singular form to plural form of the noun. In example, ‘Mangan’ (eat) is the word class of verb which is changed into the word class of noun ‘Mangan’-‘Mangan’ (a picnic) in its Reduplication. In another example, the word Anak (a child) is the singular form of noun is changed into plural form Anak-dadi (children) in its Reduplication.

Repeated Pleasure: Reading the Threesome Ménage Romance as Digital Literature

In this chapter, Elina Valovirta discusses a type of romantic love explored by recent New Adult literature; the polyamorous romance. Titles, such as Two Close for Comfort (2015) and Two Billionaires for Christmas (2017) are examples of the 'reverse harem' or 'MFM menage' e-romance bracket, which capitalizes on the erotic and exotic obstacle of two male friends falling in love with - and, ultimately, sharing - the same woman. The polyamorous romance's particular way of eliciting pleasure in readers is tied with specific stylistic strategies, such as alternating first-person narrators and using the plural form in dialogue. The chapter interrogates, how these elements are repeated throughout the genre to titillate and arouse readers.

Movement Verbs as Discourse Markers in Spanish: The Case of Vamos in the City of Granada, Spain

The discourse marker vamos is the first-person present indicative plural of the verb ir (“to go”) and acts as a guide throughout the discourse. We studied its use in the PRESEEA corpus of Granada, analyzing 54 interviews and rescuing 270 occurrences of vamos. Mainly, we detected that its use was higher in the speech of people with only a primary education, while its use among the university educated represented 27% of cases. It was also used more frequently by young people, particularly females, although only age was found to be influential because of the intrinsic and original value of the first-person plural form, by which speakers are integrated and form part of a group. Among the pragmatic values of the marker is its use as a reformulator in more than 60% of cases; 22% as a structurer that helps to continue and conclude the discourse; and approximately 13% when used as a modalizer to convey the speaker’s attitude. Its main linguistic characteristic is its appearance preceded by conjunctions such as pero and y, and its main position is initial, as it accounts for 90% of occurrences.