scholarly journals On Harmonizing the External Economic Policy among the Countries of the Common Economic Space: Problems and Prospects

2014 ◽  
pp. 72-79
Author(s):  
E. S. Ratushnyak
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Tax Reforms ◽  
Economic Space ◽  
Economic Commission ◽  
The Common ◽  
Tax Systems ◽  
The Government ◽  
Supranational Regulation

The article provides the tax systems of the countries of the customs union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia, reveals the differences and identifies the need for harmonization and convergence of the structures and principles of taxation, the general tax reforms and harmonization of fiscal policies of member countries in order to increase the investment attractiveness and competitiveness of the national economies in the process of development and integration. The comparison of the existing tax systems of the three countries revealed differences affecting the implementation and development of the foreign economic activity of companies in terms of the common market, in particular, the main obstacles to doing business are high tax rates as well as different rates of value added tax (further - VAT) regarding indirect taxation, because this tax is the major budget revenue generating tax involved in the pricing and resulted in decreasing in the export potential of the country. One of the major exporters' obstacles of CU, revealed in the paper, is a VAT refund in export transactions, preventing the development of export activity, which reduces the competitiveness of CU on the foreign markets. The harmonization success of fiscal policy depends on the government, and the institution body taking the harmonization, - this paper looks at the necessity of such harmonization among the three countries of customs union, which at present has interstate form while supranational regulation of Eurasian Economic Commission is absent, since it does not have such empowerment. The paper finds the main tax policy directions of harmonization of customs union countries focused on eliminating of the barriers and for easy the implementation of a process for foreign trade enterprises, the development of the participating countries investment attractiveness, the enhancing the products competitiveness, the development of the export activities efficiency on the whole for the formation of the common customs area. In addition, the practicality of the tax ratio and customs legislation is revealed in this paper. It is important in order to fuel the growth of the integration economic performances and equal competitive conditions for participating countries to give consideration to the harmonization of the taxation of the three countries as one of the main directions of development of integration within the framework of the common economic space (further - CES).

scholarly journals Gst impact on the e-commerce sector: an overview

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-249
Author(s):  
VIJAYA KUMAR K ◽  
JABIMOL C. MAITHEEN
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Retail Sector ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Value Added Tax ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Indian Economy ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Government ◽  
Retail Entrepreneurs

The success of the e-commerce sector is largely dependent on the increasingnumber of retail entrepreneurs, who fall in the unorganized retail sector category. Thegovernment has included such players in the ambit of GST with an intention of broadeningthe tax base and has introduced specific provisions for the e-commerce companies. This isone of the major taxation reforms in Indian taxation system.GST is to set to integrate all stateeconomies and increase the overall growth of the country.GST will create unified market andboost the Indian economy. The Goods and Service Tax (GST) is a value added tax to beimplemented in India.. There are 3 kinds of taxes under GST: 1) SGST 2) CGST 3) IGST.The GST tax rates are divided into 5 categories which are 0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, 20%.Implementation of GST is one of the best decision taken by the Indian Government. Thesuccess of the e-commerce sector is largely dependent on the increasing number of retailentrepreneurs, who fall in the unorganized retail sector category. The government hasintroduced such players in the ambit of GST with the intension of broadening the tax baseand has introduced specific provisions for the e-commerce companies. This paper focuses onthe concept of GST and their impact on E-Commerce

ESTIMASI ELASTISITAS DAN BUOYANCY PAJAK PERTAMBAHAN NILAI (PPN) DI INDONESIA

INFO ARTHA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 170-191
Author(s):  
NFN Nurhidayati
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Sales Tax ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Tax Base ◽  
Luxury Goods ◽  
State Revenue ◽  
The Government ◽  
Is Value

Tax revenue is the most important source of state revenue nowadays. One of the largest sources of tax revenue is Value Added Tax (VAT) and Sales Tax on Luxury Goods. Tax buoyancy and elasticity is a common measure employed to estimate tax revenue productivity. Concept of elasticity is used to determine the level of responsiveness of automatic (built-in) of tax revenue to the tax base. While the concept of buoyancy is useful to know responsiveness of tax revenue, both to the tax base and to changes in policy. By using the Divisia index during 1984 to 2012, this research specifies that the coefficients of buoyancy and elasticity are 0.99 and 0.82 respectively. It shows that the PPN / PPnBM (VAT and Sales Tax on Luxury Goods) relatively unitary buoyant, but less elastic to the tax base. While using the basis of sectoral GDP from 2005 to 2012, VAT revenues also inelastic with respect to the development of the tax base with a coefficient of 0.632 and a buoyant relative to GDP overall with a coefficient of 1.076. Inelastic tax system forces governments to continuously make discretionary changes, either in the tax bases or in the tax rates or both, in order to be able to keep up with increasing public expenditures. Moreover, the point elasticity indicates that manufacturing and mining sectors are fluctuating as the VAT key sector and the trade sector are relatively stable and buoyant. Therefore, the government needs to review the policies of both the base and the VAT structure, in particular for the manufacturing and the mining sector. 

The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) From the Perspective of International Relations (IR) Theories

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-55
Author(s):  
Gülşen Şeker Aydın
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Stability Theory ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Economic Space ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Eclectic Approach ◽  
Overall Evaluation ◽  
The Common ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
Hegemonic Stability

This chapter examines the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) from the perspective of the main theories in the Discipline of International Relations (IR). The author sketches out the main stages of the development of the EAEU cooperation by highlighting the conceptualization of the scheme by President Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan in 1994, the establishment of the Customs Union (CU), and the Common Economic Space (CES) between Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan in 2010. Theories analyzed include Neo-Realism, Neo-Classic Realism, Hegemonic Stability Theory, Liberalism, Functionalism, Neo-Functionalism, Neo-Institutionalism, the English School, Constructivism, and Neo-Gramscian Theory. The author makes an overall evaluation and stresses the need for an eclectic approach for analyzing the EAEU experience.

TAXATION SYSTEM OF UZBEKISTAN: INFLUENCE OF TAX REFORMS ON SMALL ENTERPRISES

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makhamadali Dekhanov
Keyword(s):  
Tax Policy ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Small Enterprises ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Tax Reforms ◽  
Single Tax ◽  
Business Conditions ◽  
The Government ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
Taxation System

    The problems of SME development and high tax rates have always been one of the most important social problems in any state. In recent years the taxation issue has gained a very big importance from the government policymakers. Politicians suggest further decrease of tax rates for small and medium enterprises and also improvement of single tax policy. This paper is dedicated to the analysis of influence of tax reforms on small enterprises in Uzbekistan.. Particularly it analysis how single tax effects the development and functioning of the SMEs. The base hypothesis used in this research paper is Laffer’ hypothesis, which states that decrease of tax rates will encourage the development of the enterprises and will raise more government revenues. This effect will be achieved through better business conditions, which ensures the financial sustainability of the business. Another point is the lower avoidance rate, where enterprises will not be more needed to hide their revenues and avoid taxes.The research results showed that implementation of lower tax rates and single tax policy, positively effect the development of the SME sector. Despite the policies and actions taken by government authorities, there is still space for improvements.

scholarly journals Factors Hindering the EAEU Exports to Third Countries and Reducing Russia’s Export Competitiveness

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Ruchkina ◽  
V. K. Shaidullina
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Export Control ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Economic Commission ◽  
Export Competitiveness ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Control Procedures ◽  
Time Expenditures ◽  
National Economies

The subject of the researchis the current difficulties faced by the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The purpose of the research was to identify factors that impede the export of the EAEU goods to third countries and affect Russia’s export competitiveness. To this end, an analysis of the EAEU customs and legal regulations was carried out. The study provides reasons necessitating the abolishment of the residency principle in the EAEU as geographically limiting the ability of the declarant to submit a goods declaration to any customs authority in a customs territory of the customs union. The paper addresses problems related to the lack of harmonization of rules governing export and currency controls in the EAEU member countries. A comparative analysis of the rules regulating the goods exports at the national level of the customs union members was performed and the main differences were revealed.It is concludedthat the principle of residency is the key factor affecting the export competitiveness of the Russian and EAEU goods. Its abolishment requires a comprehensive approach and a number of measures aimed at harmonizing the customs legislation and related laws. The abolishment of the residency principle will reduce the material and time expenditures of businessmen in preparation of customs declarations, eliminate multiple VAT payments to participants of value chains and agency transactions within the EAEU, unify documents for performance of currency control as well as the procedure for granting export control licenses, resolve the issue of the procedure and currency of customs payments, etc. It is also required to solve industry-specific problems related to the implementation of the customs process (currency control, export control, procedures for refunding the value-added tax, etc.).The relevance of the researchlies in the fact that the implementation of the “EAEU Goods” Concept, developed by the Eurasian Economic Commission, requires solution of problems arising in the mutual and foreign trade. Meanwhile, expanding the trade with third countries is one of the main tools for the growth of national economies of the EAEU members.

An Analysis of Trade of the Eurasian Economic Union

2018 ◽  
pp. 76-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahu Coşkun Özer
Keyword(s):  
Regional Integration ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Economic Space ◽  
Macroeconomic Variables ◽  
Customs Unions ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Economic Union

After the creation of the Eurasian Economic Union in 2015, the Customs Union and the Common Economic Space between Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan represented two of the most important regional integration projects launched in the post-Soviet era. However, even though institutions, customs unions, and a common economic space have been established, it has become a matter of debate whether this union is effective in developing trade between the member countries. Russia has enormous power in terms of its share of the trade within the EEU. This shows Russia has economic dominance in the union. This is also the subject of debate about whether the union's members, except Russia, benefit from the customs union. In this chapter, the answers to these questions have been investigated by evaluating the commercial activities and macroeconomic variables of the member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union.

India’s Transition from State Level Sales Tax to Value Added Tax (VAT)

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vandana Jain
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
State Level ◽  
Sales Tax ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Value Added Tax ◽  
Commodity Taxation ◽  
Tax Reforms ◽  
Tax Regimes ◽  
Phase Out

An outstanding development in the sphere of State finances since Independence has been the precipitous growth in the relative revenue significance of sales tax levied under entry 54 of List II in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution. It has grown considerably in depth and coverage, and forms the mainstay of States. tax revenue. Prior to tax reforms initiated in early 1990s, sales tax was characterised by a multiplicity of tax rates and exemptions, lack of uniformity across States, large number of exemptions and concessions, and differing procedures for tax collection. In mid-1990s, most states had agreed to phase out the incentive-related exemptions and implement floor rates of sales tax. As part of the nation-wide efforts to redesign commodity taxation and the implementation of CENVAT at the level of the Centre, many States have modified their sales tax regimes to launch a state level VAT under the scheme prepared by the Empowered Committee for this purpose. This paper explains and examines various problems associated with sales tax and its switch over to Value Added Tax (VAT) in recent years.

scholarly journals The Bases of Harmonization of Regulations on Food Production and Labeling in the Customs Union within the Eurasian Economic Community

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-13
Author(s):  
Mark Shamtsyan
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Economic Organization ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Economic Space ◽  
The Common ◽  
Food Legislation ◽  
Goals And Objectives

Abstract The Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC) is an international economic organization created to effectively advance the process of forming a Customs Union and Common Economic Space by member states and also to implement other goals and objectives connected with the enhancement of integration in the economic and humanitarian spheres. One of the major challenges for the successful functioning of the common customs space of the members of the Customs Union, is the harmonization and unification of the legislation, including food legislation of the countries - members of the Customs Union. Unification of the legislation related to the labeling of food products will promote the trade and will ensure the awareness of the consumers.

scholarly journals Scandinavian experience of forming optimal fiscal space: lessons for Ukraine

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4 (31)) ◽  
pp. 39-49
Author(s):  
Halyna Vasylevska ◽  
Iryna Novosad ◽  
Artem Kovalenko
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Positive Behaviors ◽  
Fiscal Space ◽  
Tax Systems ◽  
The Government ◽  
Tax Payments ◽  
Tax Practice

The article analyzes the tax system adopted in the Scandinavian countries - Sweden, Denmark and Norway - in the context of identifying positive behaviors in ensuring optimal fiscal space in Ukraine. The paper outlines some peculiarities of the taxation mechanisms in the selected states and outlines the specifics of their functioning and development. It raises the notion of the dynamics of tax rates differentiation concerning separate taxes in the fiscal practice of the Scandinavian peninsula countries. In the process of studying the tax experience abroad, it was found out that tax burden in Sweden, Denmark and Norway is much higher than that in Ukraine, however, the presence of certain regulatory levers in socially oriented Scandinavian countries shifts tax payments into a real and minimal burden for payers. The purpose of the article is to carry out a comparative analysis of tax systems of the Scandinavian countries and Ukraine in order to determine the priority directions for formation of an optimal fiscal space of our state. Methodology. Empirical methods of comparative analysis are adopted to carry out an objective assessment of the fiscal space functioning in the Scandinavian countries and Ukraine. The tax systems differentiation processes are founded on a dialectical method of knowledge. Conclusions. Tax systems in the Scandinavian countries are characterized by maximum adaptation of the methods for collecting tax payments to the needs of the effective functioning of tax entities and the requirements of modern society, and this could become a positive experience for the optimal fiscal space formation in Ukraine. The tax practice of Sweden, Denmark and Norway proves that the collected taxes are used effectively by the government entities, which allows them to be successfully implemented in a variety of social programs, at the same time providing certain conditions for growth in national business.

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