Land taxation as a tool to ensure sustainable development of rural areas in the context of decentralization

The article considers land taxation as one of the tools to ensure the sustainable development of rural areas in the context of decentralization. Included land tax and rent for land plots of state and communal property and a single tax for agricultural producers as land tax payments has been proposed. It was found that the land fee is the second-largest source of tax revenues to local budgets. It was revealed that during 2009–2020 there is a tendency to increase revenues from land fees to local budgets of Ukraine. Emphasis is placed on the fact that there is an increase in rent payments by legal entities and individuals in parallel with a decrease in its share in the payment for land, which is caused by an increase in land tax revenues during the analyzed period by 4.5 times. It was found that the largest amounts of revenues from land fees are payments from legal entities (86–88 % of the total revenues). It was found that the number of revenues from land tax and rent for land plots of state and communal property paid by individuals increased 4.5 times, and the number of revenues from similar taxes from legal entities increased 3.6 times. As a result of the study, attention is focused on the fact that since 2015 the payment for land has been transferred from the status of a national tax to a local one. It is proved that to tax the regulation of agricultural land use and promotes the development of agriculture and rural areas in 1998, a fixed agricultural tax was introduced. It was found that the number of receipts of the single tax paid by agricultural producers in 2015 increased 17 times compared to 2014. The sharp increase is caused by the introduction of the annual indexation of the tax base for agricultural enterprises, and a threefold increase in tax rates is justified. To achieve the goals of sustainable development of rural areas, it is proposed to carry out such measures as the application of increasing coefficients for irrational use of agricultural lands, provision of benefits for organic agricultural producers, implementation of the full inventory of agricultural lands, improvement of normative monetary valuation of land use for land and/or the single tax of the fourth group for the implementation of measures for the protection and reproduction of land resources, which will increase employment in rural areas, overcome poverty, develop social infrastructure, ensure the livelihood of rural residents, food, economic and environmental security, reduce destructive effects on the environment, protection and reproduction of natural resource potential.

Tax competition and tax base equalization in the presence of multiple tax instruments

The literature on tax competition has argued that tax base equalization, which reduces regional disparities in tax bases, can serve as a means of internalizing horizontal and vertical fiscal externalities. This argument assumes that each government relies on a single tax base (a regional tax on mobile capital and a federal tax on savings). This paper considers the case in which a distortionary labor tax is also available. Internalizing fiscal externalities requires that while the regional capital tax base is fully equalized, a region’s equalization entitlement for the labor tax is positive when its tax base is “larger” than the average tax base of all regions. This efficient tax base equalization system is incompatible with the primary objective of fiscal equalization.

Victory Tax: A Holistic Income Tax System

How can an income tax system be designed to exploit human nature and a free market to create a poverty free society, while balancing budgets without disproportional tax burdens? Such a tax system, with universal character, is deduced from the following guiding principles: (1) a single tax rate applies to all income types and levels; (2) the tax rate adjusts to satisfy budget projections; (3) government transfer only supplements the income of households with self-generated income below the poverty line; (4) deductions for basic living expenses, itemized investments and capital losses are allowed; (5) deductions cannot be applied to government transfer. A general framework emerges with three parameters that determine a minimum allowed tax deduction, a maximum allowed itemized deduction, and a maximum deduction defined by income percentage. An income distribution that mimics the United States, and a series of log-normal distributions are considered to quantitatively compare detailed characteristics of this tax system to progressive and flat tax systems. To minimize government dependency while maximizing after-tax income, the effective tax rate (ETR) as a function of income percentile takes the shape of the letter, V, inspiring the name victory tax, where the middle class has the lowest ETR.

SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM OF TAXATION, ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING OF SMALL ENTERPRISES: CURRENT STATE AND FEATURES OF TAXATION

The article considers and studies the current state and features of tax payment by business entities that use a simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting in Ukraine as a special tax regime introduced to reduce tax pressure and stimulate and motivate domestic business. Two aspects of tax management in the context of regulating the development of small and medium enterprises and the main regulatory and legal framework on the selected research topic are considered. It is established that in the modern tax world there are four groups of single tax payers according to the simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting in Ukraine. The main economic principles of accounting for income of entrepreneurs applying the simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting, deadlines for payment of taxes and the procedure for submitting financial statements in 2021 are outlined. The profitability of operating activities and activities of enterprises by type of economic activity in 2020, applying the simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting and tax revenues of the single tax and income tax to the state budget during 2015—2020 are analyzed. The main disadvantages in the application of the simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting in Ukraine, which are inherent in the studied system of taxation in the modern domestic integration competitive economic space, are described. The main advantages for domestic business from the application of the simplified taxation system are noted. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that the simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting needs to be improved by eliminating shortcomings due to tax changes in the legislation governing the simplified taxation system, for example, by reducing the interest rate of the single social contribution. Keywords: enterprise, taxation, accounting, reporting, single tax, individual. JEL Classіfіcatіon M41, M42, M48 Formulas: 0; fig.: 0; tabl.: 4; bibl.: 12.

Taxation of agricultural enterprises: Ukraine practice and international trends

The article highlights the existing practice of taxation of agricultural enterprises in Ukraine, analyzes the size of the single tax for agricultural producers in comparison with the amount of tax for the general taxation system. The main approaches to the taxation of agricultural producers in European practice are highlighted. The world experience in supporting agriculture is considered. The proposals for improving the taxation of agricultural enterprises in Ukraine in the context of its differentiation in relation to the size of business entities are considered.

REFORMA TRIBUTÁRIA E SEUS BENEFÍCIOS À SOCIEDADE

In the face of so many taxes that Brazilians are obliged to pay and several times taxes that are not understood by ninety percent of the population, much is said about a tax reform that promises to transform many taxes into a single tax that will be collected throughout the country. country, therefore, simplifying the lives of thousands of Brazilians and companies that suffer from the collection of so many taxes. But will a change in the National Tax Code really bring benefits to society and companies? What will be its advantages and disadvantages in the face of the economic scenario we are experiencing today? It is also worth remembering that a real correction of existing distortions is necessary for the principles of equity and social justice to act. These are the questions proposed for reflection in this work, when dealing with the Brazilian tax system and its much-promised reform that aims to make it easier to understand what we really pay for our purchases and services.

The Progressive Soul of American Prohibition

Traditional prohibition histories make a big to-do about evangelical Christianity. But as Chapter 14 explores, the evangelism of the Progressive Era was not about Bible thumping, or otherworldly damnation. Rather the social gospel—most famously pioneered by the Baptist Walter Rauschenbusch—was about uplifting the poor and downtrodden as per Jesus’s example. Social justice meant doing right by your fellow man, not getting him addicted for profit. Rauschenbusch’s evangelism was socialism with a Christian moral compass. This chapter examines the social gospel, including Henry George’s famed “single tax” on unearned income as a way to remedy the vast inequalities of wealth and power. Neither temperance nor evangelism was antithetical to new medical-science and social-science approaches the liquor question. The chapter traces the effects of this evangelism on the antiliquor progressivism of Theodore Roosevelt in New York politics.

Goods and Services Tax: Benefits and its Impact on Indian Economy

The Goods and Services Tax, or GST, took effect on July 1, 2017. The new tax system was designed to replace all current indirect taxes with a single, comprehensive tax. The Products and Services Tax (GST) is a consumption tax imposed on goods and services depending on their final destination (Bhushan Satya). Simply said, GST is a single tax that applies to the delivery of goods and services from the producer to the end user. In a nutshell, it's a tax imposed solely on value addition, with input tax credits transferred to successive stages of value addition, implying that the ultimate tax burden would fall on the end user of products or services. The anticipated advantages of implementing the GST are that it would decrease the cascading impact of taxes, i.e. it will eliminate tax on tax. It was also anticipated to stimulate demand for products and the elimination of a number of indirect taxes such as VAT, CST, Service tax, CAD, SAD, and Excise, among others, which would help to improve the Indian economy in the long term. This paper tries to highlight the cost and benefits bear by the economy due to implementation of the GST. The paper also tries to find out the expected rate of growth of economy after the GST. Finally, the study tries to conclude that how it would be disrupted and benefits the economy in the long run.