The expected green revolution becomes the new main engine of modern shipping

The purpose - the main concept of the work is to present somestrong and definite influence of the world’s continuously growing demand for better prevention and clear marine environment which is exerted on contemporary shipping through respective legislation.Thenew already implemented pro-environmental marine law forces sea transport to start making fundamental changes in the shipping business operations. Furthermore it is confirmed that innovative fuel technologies as well as their revoluniatory alternatives including future electric energy as the main ship’s drivedescribed here as the green revolution become one of the most important and efficient tools leading towards modern shipping. It also marks some other revolutionary trends and ideas being developed in shipping like no-man ship operation and digitalizationof majority of data.The innovation technologies will havesome serious impact on seatransport cost level as well as on acceleration of scrapping of old age tonnage which will be substituted by new buildings. In the next few years demand for modern ships having various innovative technologies onboard will be continuously growing.Furthermore the new pro-ecological solutions will become some very efficient carriers’ marketing tool towards environment-oriented markets and their consumers. Showing different aspects of the sulphur new regulations coming in force since 01.01.2020 recognized as a mile stone of the new marine era and what is more expectedthe work is to prove a direct link between the related new innovative green technologies and their impact on shipping towards its faster modernization. Methodology: Publication research, empirical study and prospective study. Findings: The common growing demand and respective legislation to preventbroadermarine environmentexertstrong pressureon shipping to apply new innovative technologies.

Macroeconomic determinants of corporate failures in Poland

This study aims at identifying macroeconomic factors of corporate bankruptcy.The main objective of this work is to analyse quantity of bankruptcy in Poland in 2000-2017 and attempt to estimate parameters of the regression model where the number of insolvent companies is explained by variance of macroeconomic factors. Essential data has been collected from GUS and Coface resources. Based on selected, macroecomic variables, econometric cause-effect model has been developed. The equation has been estimated by the Ordinary Least Squares method (OLS). A statistical investigation resulted in observing few macroeconomic factors with influence on corporate failure intensity in Poland, among others: expenditures on consumer goods and services, export and exchange rates.

The effect of financial risk on the demand for supplementary health insurance

As access to medical services provided by public healthcare system in Poland is limited, private supplementary health insurance becomes an increasingly interesting option for pa-tients. Private insurance market has grown significantly in recent years. Therefore, it is interesting to determine factors contributing to the demand for supplementary health insurance by adopting a mathematical model of both compulsory public health insurance and additional, voluntary private health insurance. Such a model was introduced in Dudzinski’s work (2015). The model takes into consideration such factors like compulsory insurance premium, health status of a patient and effectiveness of the public health care system. In this paper we extend the model to the case of additional background financial risk. We show that introducing the additional source of risk exerts certain impact on the demand for the supplementary insurance, however its overall effect depends on the pa-tient’s prudence related to a sign of third derivative of the utility function. The paper pro-poses conditions under which the demand for supplementary insurance increases or de-creases, depending on the relation between patient’s prudence with respect to wealth and cross-prudence in health. The results are different from Dudzinski’s article which considered a two-period model.

Forward guidance as a tool of the European Central Bank’s monetary policy

The purpose of this article is to take a closer look at one of the most unconventional instruments of monetary policy which is the Forward Guidance. This instrument is increasingly more often adopted by central banks. What is more, it is also used by the European Central Bank which implemented this approach for the first time in 2013. The first part of the article will be focused on presenting a theoretical approach of forward guidance, while the following part will describe examples of implementation of this instrument by the European Central Bank as the new way of communication with the market. The example of forward guidance use by the European Central Bank covers the way of communication of future monetary policy regarding the interest rates. The data presented in this paper shows a positive effect of the forward guidance approach. This method of communication has brought a clearer view of monetary policy adopted by the European Central Bank. Moreover it limited some uncertainty showed by the market participants regarding the level of future interest rates. The positive effects of the forward guidance lead not only to the continuous but also widespread use of this approach by the European Central Bank.

Training and remuneration systems as motivational incentives based on the example of company x - case study

In the 21st century management boards of enterprises are looking for newer incentives that stimulate employees to work even better. They are now the main driver of success, and the process of motivating has become an integral part of a well-functioning company. All this in connection with the behaviour of contemporary employees, who are often not satisfied with the working conditions and who change their place of employment, has led to formulating the purpose of this study, i.e. to evaluate training systems and salaries in the surveyed construction company. The study should be treated as a pilot - a field of experience, because in the future, this experience will be translated into a study with a representative group of companies. By defining and analyzing the validity of the criteria, the author specified two methods that meet the above criteria - the audit questionnaire method and the direct questionnaire. The analysis showed that the training and remuneration systems in the surveyed company X are properly designed - they have a positive impact on the employees' motivation. It also turned out that effective motivation with non-wage elements is possible only if the staff is satisfied with the level of their remuneration.

HOW TO PREVENT AND DEFEND AGAINST MOBBING IN A WORKPLACE?

The phenomenon of mobbing has been recognized by researchers, psychologists, lawyers and legislators as very harmful. However, employees suffering from mobbing in the workplace can be protected in many ways. This article aims to show the most important ways of protecting against mobbing in the workplace. Our work identifies psychological forms of support. We put an emphasis on victim and persecutorpersonalities as well. We also show our recommendations concerning prevention of this form of harassment in an organizational perspective. The next part of the article explains how important is the legal aspect of mobbing and protection of employees’ personal rights: we write about the case-law cited in the Labour Code, the Civil Code and the Criminal Code. Particular emphasis is placed on the Polish labour market. JEL classification: M5 Personnel Economics, J7 Labor Discrimination, I1 Health

THE EFFECTS OF THE COMMON FISHERIES POLICY ON THE THEORY OF THE AVAILABILITY OF MARINE RESOURCES

The aim of the paper is to present issues connected with responsibility in the fishery industry. The paper discusses the ‘tragedy of common.’ An attempt was made to formulate proposals for how to increase the efficiency of marine resource management and reduce the problem of declining fisheries. The publication analyses the current Common Fisheries Policy in the context of overfishing. It will take a great deal of serious effort for fishermen, scientists and politicians to solve the problem of the Baltic Sea. The rebirth of fish stocks will create healthier ecosystems and greater reproduction of fish populations. A higher number of fish schools may result in more balanced catch figures. It is expected that profits will increase and thereby result in more jobs and higher salaries, leading to a greater overall profitability of the fishing sector. JEL classification: Q 22

ANALYSIS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND AUTOMATION AND ROBOTISATION OF PROCESSES AS FACTORS INFLUENCING STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN EMPLOYMENT IN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION

Objective Determining impact which Artificial Intelligence, Robotization and Automation have and will continue to have on the labour market in the processing industry. Method Literature review, statistical data and data from industry reports. Deduction and comparative analysis. Results In the course of the work, a review of the literature on the subject was carried out and the issue of artificial intelligence, as well as robotization and automation of production was defined, and in addition, it has been demonstrated how important factor of production is labour. It presents examples of the use of artificial intelligence in the modern economy and presents the probability of replacing human work by artificial intelligence systems. Data from research reports and statistical analyses were used in the context of labour market analysis in industries and economies with the highest degree of automation and robotization. Conclusions were presented, which implement the set objective and are the basis for conducting research in the areas indicated by the authors. In the course of work, we defined what the labour is, its productivity and measurement methods. Data from research reports were presented, showing the probability of changes in the labour market in relation to specific occupations, due to the use of artificial intelligence. The relationship between artificial intelligence and process automation and robotization is described. The above-mentioned studies allowed the authors to demonstrate some important relations between the described factors. Keywords: labour productivity, artificial intelligence, robotization and automation JEL Classification: J01, O12, O30

ARIMA MODEL USED TO ANALYZE THE DEMAND FOR SWIMMING POOL SERVICES

Many factors influence customer preferences among those who choose active leisure. A wide range of market productsmakes for many opportunities, and sports facilities are required to be fully prepared to provide services. It is helpful to create forecasts that enable to determine the predictable number of clients. An example prediction made with respect to swimming pools is presented in this article. For this purpose, the ARIMA model was used, based on the assumption that the value of the endogenous variable is affected by the value of this variable laggedin time. JEL classification: C2, C22.

OPPORTUNITIES TO USE INNOVATION PARTNERSHIP IN PUBLIC INVESTMENT

In a globalisedworld, innovationis the driving force of the economy. In Poland, the public sector can support innovation to a large extent thanks to the Public Procurement Law, amended in 2016, which introduced a new procedure - innovation partnership. Judging by the scale of public spending, public procurement can become a powerful tool for the development of innovation in the economy. The aim of this article is to examine how innovation partnership can influence the effectiveness of investment projects. The assessment of processes related to the purchase of innovative solutions by the public sector with the use of public procurement and the innovation partnership mode shows that the use of this mode in various sectors of the economy may significantly improve the quality of tasks performed by them. In the study, the model method was applied based on the evaluation of the practice of using innovation partnerships in selected countries and the analysis of the transferability of these solutions to Poland. The evaluation took into account the specificity of public procurement procedures and innovation partnerships resulting from legal conditions and the national socio-economic environment. Weaknesses in the application of this procedure were identified, which cause that the innovation partnership is not a commonly used mode of investment projects implementation, and recommendations were formulated in order to reversethis trend. JEL Classification: O30, O31, O38