scholarly journals Design and Balancing Load Current in 3-Phase System Using Microcontroller ATMEGA 2560

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Cok Gede Indra Partha
Keyword(s):  
Power Loss ◽  
Neutral Current ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Current Sensor ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Load Current ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Current Value ◽  
Phase Systems ◽  
Current Flows

The design of balancing the load current on three-phase systems using a microcontroller ATMega 2560 is a tool that serves to reduce the power loss. Power loss due to the load current unbalance the current flows in the neutral phase on three-phase systems. Current flows in the neutral phase distribution transformer into a detriment to PT. PLN (Persero) for the power lost to the earth and can not be used by consumers. So that it will balanced the load current to reduce the value of neutral current. The tool is also equipped with a monitoring system that displays current magnitude of each phase including the neutral phase.The methods in making this tool is divided into two parts: first, the design of hardware consist of designing electronic components which are used by the current sensor circuits, relay, LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) etc. Second, the design of software is a tool listing program procedure including the monitoring program displays the current of each phase on LCD using the Arduino IDE. SCT013-030 current sensor used, the output of the current sensor is connected to the pin ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) microcontroller ATMega 2560. Then microcontroller process the data and generate a current value displayed on the LCD. The other result of processing current value is a command to enable or disable the relay that connects three-phase resource with single-phase loads.The result of the test design of balancing load current on three-phase system using a microcontroller ATMega 2560 succeed balancing the load current by moving the channel load of sequence number load the smallest connected to the phase with the current biggest load toward a phase that has a load current smallest when neutral current exceeds the limit is permitted. In this situation, the neutral current will not be possible be zero. In fact, the maximum current value for the neutral phase for PT. PLN (Persero) 50 amperes calibrated to 1 ampere and is used as a limit on this prototype. If the neutral current on LCD monitor exceeds 1 ampere, then there will be balancing of the load current. The current sensor measurement results are displayed on a monitoring approach measurement result using pliers ampere.

scholarly journals Power Conversion Techniques Using Multi-Phase Transformer: Configurations, Applications, Issues and Recommendations

Machines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Md Tabrez ◽  
Pradip Kumar Sadhu ◽  
Molla Shahadat Hossain Lipu ◽  
Atif Iqbal ◽  
Mohammed Aslam Husain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Transformation Method ◽  
Sine Wave ◽  
Fault Analysis ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Voltage Unbalance ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Phase Systems ◽  
Multi Phase

Recently, the superiority of multi-phase systems in comparison to three-phase energy systems has been demonstrated with regards to power generation, transmission, distribution, and utilization in particular. Generally, two techniques, specifically semiconductor converter and special transformers (static and passive transformation) have been commonly employed for power generation by utilizing multi-phase systems from the available three-phase power system. The generation of multi-phase power at a fixed frequency by utilizing the static transformation method presents certain advantages compared to semiconductor converters such as reliability, cost-effectiveness, efficiency, and lower total harmonics distortion (THD). Multi-phase transformers are essential to evaluate the parameters of a multi-phase motor, as they require a multi-phase signal that is pure sine wave in nature. However, multi-phase transformers are not suitable for variable frequency applications. Moreover, they have shortcomings with regard to impedance mismatching, the unequal number of turns which lead to inaccurate results in per phase equivalent circuits, which results in an imbalance output in phase voltages and currents. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate multi-phase power transformation from a three-phase system and examine the different static multi-phase transformation techniques. In line with this matter, this study outlines various theories and configurations of transformers, including three-phase to five-, seven-, eleven-, and thirteen-phase transformers. Moreover, the review discusses impedance mismatching, voltage unbalance, and per phase equivalent circuit modeling and fault analysis in multi-phase systems. Moreover, various artificial intelligence-based optimization techniques such as particle swarm optimization (PSO) and the genetic algorithm (GA) are explored to address various existing issues. Finally, the review delivers effective future suggestions that would serve as valuable opportunities, guidelines, and directions for power engineers, industries, and decision-makers to further research on multi-phase transformer improvements towards sustainable operation and management.

scholarly journals Study of Technical and Non-technical Factors in Energy Consumption on 20 kV Distribution Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Mikael Abimanyu Putra Pamungkas ◽  
Dwi Priharto ◽  
Hari Putranto
Keyword(s):  
Power Loss ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Effective Power ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Technical Factors ◽  
Current Value ◽  
Construction Model ◽  
Power And Energy

This research aimed to find the technical and non-technical losses that occurred on the 20 kV Tawangrejo Feeder network by calculating the electricity losses after measurement and the calculated losses, made an application to calculate the losses, and determined the improvement alternative from the suitable electricity losses. Based on the data analysis, the conclusions were: Tawangrejo Feeder used mesh configuration with a three-phase four-wire construction model. The values of power and energy losses in total, technical, and non-technical were fluctuating, depended on the current value that was sent from the primary substation to the load. This power loss calculation application had a high accuracy because the error occurred at a maximum of 0.0021%. The most effective power loss improvement was replacing the conductor duct that reduces 56% of power and energy losses.

scholarly journals Three Dimensional Space Vector Modulation Theory: Practices without Proofs

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Bhaskar Bhattacharya ◽  
Ajoy Kumar Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Space Vector Modulation ◽  
Space Vector ◽  
3D Space ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Phase Systems ◽  
Vector Modulation

In three dimensional (3D) space vector modulation (SVM) theory with α-β-γ frame there are some issues which are well known and are widely practiced being quite obvious but without any proof so far. In this paper necessary scientific foundations to those issues have been provided. The foremost of these issues has been with the frame of reference to be considered in 3D SVM applications for unbalanced three phase systems. Although for balanced three phase systems there has been no controversy with α-β frame as the frame of reference but in 3D it has not yet been established which one, α-β-γ frame or the a-b-c frame, is mathematically correct. Another significant issue addressed in this work has been to ascertain the exact reason when a three phase system has to be represented in 2D or 3D space to apply SVM. It has been presented for the first time in this work that the key factor that determines whether 3D or 2D SVM has to be applied depends on the presence of time independent symmetrical components in a three phase ac system. Also it has been proved that the third axis, the Y–axis, represents the time independent quantity and that it must be directed perpendicular to the α-β plane passing through the origin.

scholarly journals Arduino Mega Based Current Recorder Prototype Implementation

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-70
Author(s):  
Waluyo ◽  
Siti Saodah ◽  
Yogi Wibisono
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Data Logger ◽  
Reference Instrument ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Current Measuring ◽  
Phase Systems ◽  
Sd Card ◽  
Prototype Instrument

Current measurements in electric power systems are important aspects, both for monitoring and protection. The researchers have designed, created and tested a digital current measuring and recording prototype instrument. The current signals were sensed by the split-core current transformers, entered to the signal conditioning, to the main Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller, and finally to the three outputs, namely a PC monitor, SD card data logger and LCD. It was tested and the results were compared to the computation results and the clamp ammeter readings, as the reference instrument. On both single and three phase systems, the absolute deviations would considerably rise and the relative deviations would slightly reduce as the load currents increased. Nevertheless, the values on both systems were not exactly same. For the single phase, the average absolute and relative deviation slopes were 0.156548 A/kW and -0.0020772 %/kW respectively. On other hand, for the three phase system, they were 0.12372 A/kW and -0.04176 %/kW respectively. The relative deviations to the computation results were under 6%, tended to be 3%, and the relative deviations to the reference instrument readings were under 3%, tended to be 1%, as the load increased.

Three Dimensional Space Vector Modulation Theory: Practices without Proofs

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhaskar Bhattacharya ◽  
Ajoy Kumar Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Space Vector Modulation ◽  
Space Vector ◽  
3D Space ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Phase Systems ◽  
Vector Modulation

In three dimensional (3D) space vector modulation (SVM) theory with α-β-γ frame there are some issues which are well known and are widely practiced being quite obvious but without any proof so far. In this paper necessary scientific foundations to those issues have been provided. The foremost of these issues has been with the frame of reference to be considered in 3D SVM applications for unbalanced three phase systems. Although for balanced three phase systems there has been no controversy with α-β frame as the frame of reference but in 3D it has not yet been established which one, α-β-γ frame or the a-b-c frame, is mathematically correct. Another significant issue addressed in this work has been to ascertain the exact reason when a three phase system has to be represented in 2D or 3D space to apply SVM. It has been presented for the first time in this work that the key factor that determines whether 3D or 2D SVM has to be applied depends on the presence of time independent symmetrical components in a three phase ac system. Also it has been proved that the third axis, the Y–axis, represents the time independent quantity and that it must be directed perpendicular to the α-β plane passing through the origin.

scholarly journals Analisis Terjadinya Arus Netral Pada Trafo Distribusi 160 kVA

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Arfita Yuana Dewi ◽  
Asnal Effendi ◽  
Fahody M Syafar
Keyword(s):  
Power Distribution ◽  
Neutral Current ◽  
S Phase ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Power Losses ◽  
Distribution Transformer ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cross Sectional Size ◽  
The Wire ◽  
Current Flows

The Power distribution in a 3-phase system, cannot be separated from the flow of current in the neutral of the transformer, which will cause power losses (losses) where current flows into the neutral conductor and losses that flow into the neutral conductor. This study was conducted to determine the causes and magnitude of power losses that occur due to the occurrence of neutral current flowing in the neutral conductor in a 160kVA distribution transformer. The research location taken is the Distribution Transformer (G187 T) which is located on Jl. Hos Cokroaminoto Wisma Ombilin where load imbalances often occur. From the results, it can be seen that if the neutral wire has a cross-sectional size of 50 mm2, the current that passes through the neutral wire is 6.4% for the day and for the cross-sectional size of the wire is 70 mm2, it can reduce the power flowing to the neutral by a percentage of 4.77%. for the daytime. Efficiency value that occurs is greater at night that is 94.87% while for the day it is 93.44%. For the distribution of each - each phase, especially the S phase, so that it can be balanced because the power supplied to the S phase is too small. We recommend that the current flowing in the neutral wire must be channeled to the ground so that the current flowing in the neutral wire becomes zero.

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