Drug Policy in Sport: On the Genealogy of the Immoral Status of Anabolic -Androgenic Steroids. A Polemic.

Author(s):  
Shane Senecal-Tremblay

This research has endeavored to establish that the normalized deviant judgment ascribed to athletes caught using performance-enhancing substances in professional sports organizations is upheld only by virtue of a fallacious assumption; that a breach of the Athletes Professional Code of Conduct is equitable with a breach of both the ethos of our society and of Western professional sports organizations’ “spirit of competition”. The significance of this distortion is recognized in relation to the way professional sports organizations enforce these policies through disciplinary measures that are subjected on docile athletes – effectively measuring and judging athlete’s drug-related choices through appeal to an ideology based on an outdated and pseudo-scientific narrative. It has therefore been my intention to, through a deconstruction of the narrative, distinguish how these athletes have not so objectively disregarded the ethos of the organizations they compete in but rather that they have acted in accordance with the latent ethos of professional sports organization in contemporary Western society and have then been judged, and punished upon their violation of the misguided manifest policies. Working from this premise I have conducted a theoretical analysis of why athletes passively accept their exploitation, and developed policy diagnoses for the organizations in question.  

2020 ◽  
Vol 174 (10) ◽  
pp. 992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason M. Nagata ◽  
Kyle T. Ganson ◽  
Sasha Gorrell ◽  
Deborah Mitchison ◽  
Stuart B. Murray

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 797-806
Author(s):  
Aliaksandr I. Matviyenka

The article deals with modeling of investment regulation of professional sports organizations in the Republic of Belarus. The approaches of scientists and researchers to the issue under study are identified. To solve indicated problem, a model of investment regulation of a professional sports organization has been developed, which makes it possible to operatively and reasonably allocate investment resources based on simulation and iterative capabilities. The proposed economic and mathematical model makes in general economic indicators it possible to take into account the contribution of each segment of income to the joint results of operating activities and, as a result, promotes closer integration of the less than potential from them, which leads to a synergistic effect. The developed dynamic simulation model of investment regulation has been tested on the example of a professional sports organization, the results confirm the effective distribution of investment funds, due to which there is a positive economic effect in the form of total income growth.


2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-311
Author(s):  
Aliaksandr I. Matviyenka

The article discusses ways to improve the investment regulation of professional sports organizations. The approaches of scientists and researchers in the world economic thought to the problem under study are considered. The effectiveness of professional sports as a type of economic activity in the structure of the national economy of the Republic of Belarus is noted. Based on the assessment of the economic efficiency of the functioning of professional sports organizations in the Republic of Belarus, the analysis of normative legal acts and effective foreign experience, a method of effective regulation of investments in the development of a professional sports organization is proposed, which includes a model of investment regulation and methodological recommendations for maximizing income. In contrast to the existing practice, a holistic system has lined that takes into account the management, marketing, export, information technology, innovation and investment potentials of a professional sports organization. The carried out tested developed methodology for optimize the investment regulation of a professional sports organization on the subject for compliance with real market conditions on the example of the football club of the highest League of the Republic of Belarus Shakhtyor (Soligorsk), the results showed a positive economic effect of organization and revealed directions for the development of its supporting segments.


2003 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric G. Boyce

The use and effects of selected performance-enhancing drugs and nutritional supplements are reviewed. Recent sports medicine studies are mostly double blind and placebo controlled but contain relatively small sample sizes. Their data appear reliable and are reported in reputable journals. Definitions and methods used in sports medicine are provided to enhance the understanding of this literature. The use of performance-enhancing substances is probably under-reported. Anabolic-androgenic steroids are reportedly used in 0% to 1% of women, 0.5% to 3% of high school girls, 1% to 5% of men, 1% to 12% of high school boys, and up to 67% of some groups of elite athletes. The use of combinations of performance-enhancing substances is common. Carbohydrate loading, adequate protein intake, creatine, blood doping, and erythropoietin (epoetin alfa) appear to enhance performance. Anabolic-androgenic steroids enhance performance, but health risks limit their use. Growth hormones and β2 -selective adrenergic agonists may enhance performance, but additional studies are needed. Androstenedione, caffeine, amphetamines, and nonprescription sympathomimetics do not appear to enhance performance. Performance-enhancing drugs have shown some benefit in diseased patients with malnutrition and/or decreases in physical ability. Pharmacists and other health care providers have opportunities to improve the understanding, use, and monitoring of performance-enhancing substances.


Author(s):  
Maria Christou ◽  
Panagiota Christou ◽  
Georgios Markozannes ◽  
Agathocles Tsatsoulis ◽  
George Mastorakos ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Taylor F Brinkman

During the past decade, forty-six professional sports venues were constructed in the United States, while only 16 expansion teams were created by the major sports leagues. Nearly two thirds of these newly built stadiums and arenas were funded with public tax revenues, despite substantial evidence showing no positive economic impact of new sports stadium construction on local communities. In reviewing the economic literature, this article investigates the role of professional sports organizations in the construction and public subsidization of new sports venues. Franchise relocation and public stadium subsidization is a direct result of the monopoly power of professional sports leagues, whose franchise owners extract large subsidies from their host communities by threatening to relocate to viable alternative locations. After explaining how the most common methods of stadium subsidization project a disproportionate allocation of the benefits and costs of hosting a professional team to local community interests, this article outlines several considerations for local policymakers who seek to reinvigorate public discussion of equity concerns in professional sports finance.


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