scholarly journals Earth observation and network of in situ ground sensors for disaster management and early warning

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Ferrara
Keyword(s):  
Disaster Management ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Earth Observation

LIGHTER-THAN-AIR (LTA) UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM (UAS) CARRIER CONCEPT FOR SURVAILLANCE AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1255
Author(s):  
Ahmad Salahuddin Mohd Harithuddin ◽  
Mohd Fazri Sedan ◽  
Syaril Azrad Md Ali ◽  
Shattri Mansor ◽  
Hamid Reza Jifroudi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Disaster Management ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Systems ◽  
Unmanned Aerial System ◽  
Border Control ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Operational Safety ◽  
In Situ Methods ◽  
Aerial Systems

Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) has many advantages in the fields of SURVAILLANCE and disaster management compared to space-borne observation, manned missions and in situ methods. The reasons include cost effectiveness, operational safety, and mission efficiency. This has in turn underlined the importance of UAS technology and highlighted a growing need in a more robust and efficient unmanned aerial vehicles to serve specific needs in SURVAILLANCE and disaster management. This paper first gives an overview on the framework for SURVAILLANCE particularly in applications of border control and disaster management and lists several phases of SURVAILLANCE and service descriptions. Based on this overview and SURVAILLANCE phases descriptions, we show the areas and services in which UAS can have significant advantage over traditional methods.

scholarly journals Explaining discrepancies between spectral and in-situ plant diversity in multispectral satellite earth observation

2021 ◽  
Vol 265 ◽  
pp. 112684
Author(s):  
Leon T. Hauser ◽  
Joris Timmermans ◽  
Niels van der Windt ◽  
Ângelo F. Sil ◽  
Nuno César de Sá ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Earth Observation

scholarly journals Fiducial Reference Measurements for Satellite Ocean Colour (FRM4SOC)

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Clive Banks ◽  
Riho Vendt ◽  
Krista Alikas ◽  
Agnieszka Bialek ◽  
Joel Kuusk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Paper ◽  
Uncertainty Estimation ◽  
Earth Observation ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Ocean Colour ◽  
Satellite Validation ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Earth Observation Data ◽  
Reference Measurements

Earth observation data can help us understand and address some of the grand challenges and threats facing us today as a species and as a planet, for example climate change and its impacts and sustainable use of the Earth’s resources. However, in order to have confidence in earth observation data, measurements made at the surface of the Earth, with the intention of providing verification or validation of satellite-mounted sensor measurements, should be trustworthy and at least of the same high quality as those taken with the satellite sensors themselves. Metrology tells us that in order to be trustworthy, measurements should include an unbroken chain of SI-traceable calibrations and comparisons and full uncertainty budgets for each of the in situ sensors. Until now, this has not been the case for most satellite validation measurements. Therefore, within this context, the European Space Agency (ESA) funded a series of Fiducial Reference Measurements (FRM) projects targeting the validation of satellite data products of the atmosphere, land, and ocean, and setting the framework, standards, and protocols for future satellite validation efforts. The FRM4SOC project was structured to provide this support for evaluating and improving the state of the art in ocean colour radiometry (OCR) and satellite ocean colour validation through a series of comparisons under the auspices of the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS). This followed the recommendations from the International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group’s white paper and supports the CEOS ocean colour virtual constellation. The main objective was to establish and maintain SI traceable ground-based FRM for satellite ocean colour and thus make a fundamental contribution to the European system for monitoring the Earth (Copernicus). This paper outlines the FRM4SOC project structure, objectives and methodology and highlights the main results and achievements of the project: (1) An international SI-traceable comparison of irradiance and radiance sources used for OCR calibration that set measurement, calibration and uncertainty estimation protocols and indicated good agreement between the participating calibration laboratories from around the world; (2) An international SI-traceable laboratory and outdoor comparison of radiometers used for satellite ocean colour validation that set OCR calibration and comparison protocols; (3) A major review and update to the protocols for taking irradiance and radiance field measurements for satellite ocean colour validation, with particular focus on aspects of data acquisition and processing that must be considered in the estimation of measurement uncertainty and guidelines for good practice; (4) A technical comparison of the main radiometers used globally for satellite ocean colour validation bringing radiometer manufacturers together around the same table for the first time to discuss instrument characterisation and its documentation, as needed for measurement uncertainty estimation; (5) Two major international side-by-side field intercomparisons of multiple ocean colour radiometers, one on the Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) oceanographic cruise, and the other on the Acqua Alta oceanographic tower in the Gulf of Venice; (6) Impact and promotion of FRM within the ocean colour community, including a scientific road map for the FRM-based future of satellite ocean colour validation and vicarious calibration (based on the findings of the FRM4SOC project, the consensus from two major international FRM4SOC workshops and previous literature, including the IOCCG white paper on in situ ocean colour radiometry).

scholarly journals Copernicus: the European Earth Observation programme

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Jutz ◽  
M.P. Milagro-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Models ◽  
Earth Observation ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
In Situ Sensors ◽  
Earth Observation Data ◽  
Observation Programme

<span>The European Union-led Copernicus programme, born with the aim of developing space-based global environmental monitoring services to ensure a European autonomous capacity for Earth Observation, comprises a Space Component, Core Services, and In-situ measurements. The Space Component, coordinated by ESA, has seven Sentinel satellites in orbit, with further missions planned, and is complemented by contributing missions, in-situ sensors and numerical models, and delivers many terabytes of accurate climate and environmental data, free and open, every day to hundreds of thousands of users. This makes Copernicus the biggest provider of Earth Observation data in the world.</span>

Earth Observation products  for Science and Innovation in the Black Sea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilaure Grégoire ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Earth Observation ◽  
Sea Surface Salinity ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Ocean Colour ◽  
Surface Salinity ◽  
Mesoscale Dynamics

&lt;p&gt;The Black Sea is a small enclosed basin where coastal regions have a large influence and mesoscale signals dominate the dynamics (the Rossby radius of deformation is about 20km). Large riverine inputs, mainly on the northwestern shelf, induce well-marked horizontal gradients in the distribution of the Black Sea salinity and optical characteristics: coastal and shelf waters have very low salinity and contain large amounts of optically active materials (e.g. coloured dissolved organic matter) and its oligotrophic deep sea has a salinity around 18.2. The presence of these contrasting water characteristics in a relatively small enclosed environment, combined with land contamination and the specificities of its atmospheric composition(e.g. high cloud coverage, aerosols) make the Black Sea a challenging area for the development of high quality satellite products.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We present first results from a 2-year on-going ESA-funded project, EO4SIBS (Earth Observation for Science and Innovation in the Black Sea) dedicated to the development, and subsequent scientific analysis, of new algorithms and products. In particular, ocean colour products (chlorophyll-a and total suspended matter concentrations, turbidity) were produced from Sentinel 3 (S3) OLCI data combining different algorithms selected based on an automatic water mass classification procedure (case-1 versus case-2 waters). In specific areas, S3-OLCI and Sentinel 2-MSI data were merged to address local features. A revised gridded altimetry product based on 5-Hz along track data (combining Cryosat and S3 SAR) was produced and validated in the coastal zone with tide gauge data. Sea Surface Salinity was derived from the L-Band measured by SMOS and compared with in-situ surface salinity data from field sampling and Argo.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;All these products are now being integrated to further understand the Black Sea physical and biogeochemical functioning (e.g., plume and productivity patterns, mesoscale dynamics, deoxygenation). For instance, the Black Sea mesoscale dynamics are inferred from the 5-Hz altimetry product using an eddy detection and tracking algorithm. The quality of the eddy mapping is assessed by comparison with visible and infrared satellite products while the derived velocities are compared with drifters. Also, the benefit of assimilating ocean colour data in the Black Sea operational model (also known as CMEMS BS-MFC BIO) for the prediction of the Black Sea ecosystem will&amp;#160; be illustrated.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gridded products are archived as CF-compliant NetCDF files and disseminated through ncWMS protocol. In-situ data are modeled as vector points in a PostGIS database. A web portal is being implemented in order to propose an efficient spatiotemporal exploration of both data sources in a user-friendly interface, including interactive map layers and export possibilities.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We conclude with a set of recommendations for observational requirements needed&amp;#160; to increase the quality of satellite products in the Black Sea and to be able to use the full potential of current and new information provided by&amp;#160; satellites.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals The extreme runoff index for flood early warning in Europe

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1505-1515 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Alfieri ◽  
F. Pappenberger ◽  
F. Wetterhall
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Spatial Inhomogeneity ◽  
Optimal Timing ◽  
Numerical Predictions ◽  
In Situ Observations

Abstract. Systems for the early detection of floods over continental and global domains have a key role in providing a quick overview of areas at risk, raise the awareness and prompt higher detail analyses as the events approach. However, the reliability of these systems is prone to spatial inhomogeneity, depending on the quality of the underlying input data and local calibration. This work proposes a simple approach for flood early warning based on ensemble numerical predictions of surface runoff provided by weather forecasting centers. The system is based on a novel indicator, referred to as an extreme runoff index (ERI), which is calculated from the input data through a statistical analysis. It is designed for use in large or poorly gauged domains, as no local knowledge or in situ observations are needed for its setup. Daily runs over 32 months are evaluated against calibrated hydrological simulations for all of Europe. Results show skillful flood early warning capabilities up to a 10-day lead time. A dedicated analysis is performed to investigate the optimal timing of forecasts to maximize the detection of extreme events. A case study for the central European floods of June 2013 is presented and forecasts are compared to the output of a hydro-meteorological ensemble model.

scholarly journals Investigation on Surface Tilting in the Failure Process of Shallow Landslides

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 2662
Author(s):  
Shifan Qiao ◽  
Chaobo Feng ◽  
Pengkun Yu ◽  
Junkun Tan ◽  
Taro Uchimura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Slip Surface ◽  
Failure Process ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Field Monitoring ◽  
Landslide Monitoring ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Tilt Sensors

In recent decades, early warning systems to predict the occurrence of landslides using tilt sensors have been developed and employed in slope monitoring due to their low cost and simple installation. Although many studies have been carried out to validate the efficiency of these early warning systems, few studies have been carried out to investigate the tilting direction of tilt sensors at the slope surface, which have revealed controversial results in field monitoring. In this paper, the tilting direction and the pre-failure tilting behavior of slopes were studied by performing a series of model tests as well as two field tests. These tests were conducted under various testing conditions. Tilt sensors with different rod lengths were employed to investigate the mechanism of surface tilting. The test results show that the surface tilting measured by the tilt sensors with no rods and those with short rods located above the slip surface are consistent, while the tilting monitored by the tilt sensors with long rods implies an opposite rotational direction. These results are important references to understand the controversial surface tilting behavior in in situ landslide monitoring cases and imply the correlation between the depth of the slip surface of the slope and the surface tilting in in situ landslide monitoring cases, which can be used as the standard for tilt sensor installation in field monitoring.

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