scholarly journals Density - Velocity Relationship and Prediction of Lithology Variation Using Physical Analysis in Kf-4 Well of The Kifl Oil Field, Yamama Formation, South of Iraq

2021 ◽  
pp. 3601-3611
Author(s):  
Abdulaziz R. Alobaidy ◽  
Ahmed S. Al-Banna
Keyword(s):  
Oil Field ◽  
Physical Analysis ◽  
Elastic Parameters ◽  
Gardner Equation ◽  
Velocity Relationship ◽  
Velocity Relation ◽  
Empirical Density ◽  
Velocity Equation ◽  
South Of Iraq ◽  
Two Parameters

     The density-velocity relation is an important tool used to predict one of  these two parameters from the other. A new empirical density –velocity equation was derived in Kf-4 well at Kifl Oil Field, south of Iraq. The density was derived from Gardner equation and the results obtained were compared with the density log (ROHB) in Kl-4 well. The petrophysical analysis was used to predict the variations in lithology of Yamama Formation depending on the well logs data, such as density, gamma, and neutron logs. The physical analysis of rocks depended on the density, Vp, and Vs  values to estimate the elastic parameters, i.e. acoustic impedance (AI) and Vp/Vs ratio, to predict the lithology and hydrocarbon indicators. According to the results of physical properties, Yamama Formation is divided into five units in Kf-4 well at Kifl Oil Field.   The lithology of Yamama Formation was found to consist of limestone, dolomite, shale, and anhydrite rocks.

scholarly journals Structural Study of Faihaa Oil Field in Basra South of Iraq

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (2F) ◽  
pp. 62-73
Author(s):  
Hiba Kareem ◽  
Manal Al-Kubaisi ◽  
Ghazi Hasan Alshar'a
Keyword(s):  
Oil Field ◽  
Hinge Line ◽  
North West ◽  
Contour Maps ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Eastern Limb ◽  
The Difference ◽  
South Of Iraq ◽  
Southern Iraq ◽  
Western Limb

This study used structural contour maps to carry out the geometrical analysis for Faihaa structure in Basra southern Iraq. The study used row data of well logs and structural maps while Softwares were Didger 4, Stereonet v.11 and Petrel 2017 Faihaa Oil Field is located at an eastern part of the Mesopotamian Zone within the Zubair Subzone, characterized by subsurface geological structures covered by Quaternary sediments. These structures are oriented in the NW-SE direction in the eastern part of the band and the N-S direction in the southern region, and some in the direction NE-SW. The Faihaa Oil Field shows that is an Anticline structure. The average dip value of an axial surface is 89.7° while the plunge of hinge line between 4–4.2 in North-West direction referred to that Faihaa Structure is upright and gentle fold. Based on the Thickness ratio and axial angle, the Faihaa Structure is thickened Fold. The eastern limb of the fold is longer than the western limb, so Faihaa Oil Field is an asymmetrical structure. The difference in dimensions (5<Length / Width < 2) confirmed the brachy fold of the Faihaa structure.

scholarly journals 3D Geological Modeling for Yamama Reservoir in Subba, Luhias and Ratawi Oil Fields, South of Iraq

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1023-1036
Author(s):  
Naseem Sh. ALhakeem ◽  
Medhat E. Nasser ◽  
Ghazi H. AL-Sharaa
Keyword(s):  
Water Saturation ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Oil Fields ◽  
Geological Model ◽  
Petrophysical Properties ◽  
Geological Modeling ◽  
3D Geological Modeling ◽  
South Of Iraq ◽  
Resistivity Log

3D geological model for each reservoir unit comprising the Yamama Formation revealed to that the formation is composed of alternating reservoirs and barriers. In Subba and Luhais fields the formation began with barrier YB-1 and four more barriers (YB-2, YB-3, YB-4, YB-5), separated five reservoirs (YR-A, YR-B, YR-C, YR-D, YR-E) ranging in thickness from 70 to 80 m for each of them deposited by five sedimentary cycles. In the Ratawi field the formation was divided into three reservoir units (YR-A, YR-B, and YR-C) separated by two barrier units (YB-2 and YB-3), the first cycle is missing in Ratawi field.   The study involves 1 well in Luhais field (Lu-12), 3 wells in Subba field (Su-7, Su-8, and Su-9), and 5 wells in Ratawi field (Rt-3, Rt-4, Rt-5, Rt-6 and Rt-7), the Luhais, Subba, and Ratawi fields located in the Mesopotamia zone (Zubair subzone). The reservoir units (YR-C and YR-D) in Subba oil field, and YR-B in Ratawi oil field represent the major reservoir units that characterized by the best Petrophysical properties (the highest porosity, the lowest water saturation, and the best Net Pay Thickness), Luhais oil field has poor to moderate Petrophysical properties and low oil bearing in YR-A, YR-B and YR-C units, and produce heavy oil and salt water from YR-D and YR-E as indicated by low resistivity log reading, and according to the Drill Steam Test (DST) with the description of cutting in final geological reports.

scholarly journals Microfacies Analysis of the Mishrif and Kifil Formations of Amara Oil field/South of Iraq

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Karam R.A. AL-Nqar ◽  
Sawsan H. Faisal ◽  
Yaseen S.K . Al-Jwaini
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Microfacies Analysis ◽  
Dolomitic Limestone ◽  
Back Reef ◽  
Platform Margin ◽  
Restricted Environment ◽  
South Of Iraq

The lithologic and petrographic studies of the Mishrif and Kifil formations in Amara oil field in wells AM11,AM9, AM5 was revealed that the Mishrif formation consists of limestone and dolomitic limestone. While the Kifil formation is consist of the anhydrite and mud-dominated limestone.   The skeletal grains of Mishrif formation includes variety of benthos foraminifera, bivalves (Rudist) ,corals , stromatolite, algae, ostracods, gastropods, echinoderms. Non-skeletal grains are rare and authegenic minerals of pyrite and iron oxide are present. The rocks of the formation are affected by diagenesis such as dolomitization ,dissolution and recrystallization. The Kifil formation rocks do not have any skeletal grains and affected by recrystallization only . The microfacies analysis of Mishrif formation reveals that the formation consists of: mudstone, wackestone, packstone, grainstone and boundstone deposed in the fore environments extend from for reef, back reef to: open marine, reef, shoals platform margin, restricted environment. The Kifil formation divided into tow lithological facies these are limestone and evaporite and we recognized mudstone microfacies only deposited in restricted environment and represents the Mishrif reservoir cap rocks .  The research illustrated that the upper contact of Mishrif formation is gradational and conformable with Kifl formation with evidence from a gradual changes from limestone to anhydrite. In this study was considered the evaporites and limestone to Kifil formation. The Kifil formation is presence by thickness (7m) in the Amara Oilfield .   http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.24.2019.088

scholarly journals Product Mix Optimization for an Oil Field Operating Company

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Najla Abdulaziz Khonji ◽  
Saad M. A. Suliman
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Model ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Oil Price ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Daily Cost ◽  
Product Mix ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Drilling Rigs ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Operating Company

In this study, a mathematical model is formulated to select the optimal product mix of wells in terms of numbers and types of wells that helps to maximize profit. The optimization model comprises two main components, the first component is revenue which includes forecasting of production and oil price, and the second component is cost which includes capital and operating costs. In addition, the model considers all related constraints such as budget, production targets, surface facility limitations, drilling rigs availability and others. Time has influence on the model, since its output is not limited only to the types and numbers of wells to be drilled during the planned period, but also when each well to be drilled for the same plan. Actual planning data for three consecutive years is used for model testing. The results show that 42% to 47% cost saving can be achieved by using the model. The analysis shows that with every 10% increase in oil price, the profit increases by about 6%. Also, it shows that the number of rigs and the rig daily cost affect the profit tremendously, where by reducing these two parameters by 50% an increase of 66% in oil profit can be achieved. The study confirms that oil field operating companies can stand a better chance of maximizing their profit by using product mix optimization model to define the optimum schedule for the number of wells, type of wells and time of drilling.

scholarly journals Mechanical model of muscle contraction. 1. Force-velocity relationship

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Louvet
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Myosin Head ◽  
Myosin Ii ◽  
Additional Term ◽  
Linear Displacement ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Fiber ◽  
Velocity Relationship ◽  
Force Velocity ◽  
Two Parameters

AbstractThe two parameters that determine the functionality of a skeletal muscle fiber are the tension (T) exerted at its two endpoints and the shortening speed (V), two mechanical characteristics. We established a relationship between T and V by developing a theoretical model of muscle contraction based on the swinging lever arm hypothesis. At the nanoscale, force and movement are generated by the myosin II heads during the working stroke (WS). The change in conformation of a myosin head during the WS is characterized by the rotation of the lever correlated to the linear displacement of the motor domain. The position of the lever is marked by the angle θ. The maximum variation of θ between the two limits θup and θdown relating to the two positions up and down is usually given equal to 70°. When the angle θ is between θup and θdown, the WS is triggered in three modes, fast, slow or very slow. During the isometric tetanus plateau, θ is uniformly distributed between the two angles θup and θT separated by a usual difference of 50°. Consequently during isometric tetanus plateau there is a 20° interval between θT and θdown where no head is found in WS. We link this absence to the slow detachment of the heads whose orientation of the levers is between θT and θdown during the rise to the isometric tetanus plateau. The equation between T and V refers to these four occurrences: fast, slow or very slow initiations of the WS between θup and θdown, then slow detachment between θT and θdown. The equation is constructed from the geometric data of the myosin head and the time constants of the cross-bridge cycle reactions associated with these four events. The biphasic aspect of the curve is explained by the slow detachment that occurs only at very slow speeds. An additional term, derived from the viscosity present as soon as the velocity increases completes the equation. An adequate fit between the model and examples from the physiological literature is found (r2 > 99%).

Friction-Induced Vibration

1967 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Brockley ◽  
R. Cameron ◽  
A. F. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Critical Velocity ◽  
Constant Velocity ◽  
Reasonable Agreement ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Approximate Theory ◽  
Velocity Relationship ◽  
Velocity Equation ◽  
Critical Velocities ◽  
Theory Yield ◽  
Friction Induced Vibration

Friction-induced vibration has been studied in a system consisting of an elastically suspended, damped slider which is loaded against a surface moving at a constant velocity. Exact analysis reveals a critical velocity which limits the incidence of vibration. The critical velocity depends on damping, load, stiffness, and friction characteristics which vary with time and velocity. Approximations in the theory yield an amplitude-velocity equation and another critical velocity relationship. Reasonable agreement is found to exist between the exact and approximate theories for critical velocity. Experimental results for several systems illustrate amplitude-velocity relationships and the existence of critical velocities. The correlation between the experimental results and the approximate theory indicates that the analytical method could be used to predict the vibration behavior of actual systems.

Concentration of some Heavy Elements in Water , Sediment and Plants in Al-Gharraf River in Thi-Qar Province –South of Iraq

2020 ◽  
pp. 69-72
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Phragmites Australis ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Cadmium Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Heavy Elements ◽  
Cadmium Lead ◽  
South Of Iraq ◽  
Cadmium And Lead

The present study was included to estimate the Concentration and distribution of selected Heavy elements Cadmium, Lead, Nickel and Zinc from water, sediment and two species of plant ( Phragmites australis and Ceratophyllim demersum). Also same physical characteristic of this river in water , samples were collected of three stations in Al-Gharraf River in order to investigates the possibility of pollution in this area with these elements .three station (Al-Fajr districts , Qal'at Sukkar districts and Al-Rifa'I districts) were chosen to execute this study during the period from May 2018 until February 2019. And the high temperature was recorded (13 ٥C in winter to 30 ٥C in summer), pH (7.44 to 7.8) and Turbidity (2.41 to 10.2)NTU. and salinity (0.01 to 0.069) ppt. Also all the heavy metals recorded a significant increase in water and Ceratophyllin demersum plant samples in the winter higher than summer and in the sediments and Phragmites australis plant the rise in the winter was only in the elements nickel and zinc, but in cadmium and lead were concentration low or do not make a big difference in the winter compared to the summer , Where the highest percentage of nickel and zinc in the sediments in the second and third stations respectively reached 86.2 mg / kg dry weight . The lowest concentration of cadmium concentration in water samples at the first station for the summer was 0.0021 mg / L . Where there is a positive relationship between the increase in concentrations of heavy metals in the samples studied and increase in the amount of rain , speed of runoff and the rise in water level in the river in winter due to the volume of rising smoke as a result of pollution which descends during the rainfall and erosion of the edges of the river and lack of control over the domestic sewage that has been brought into the river . As well as probable cause to exist Al-Gharraf oil field that newly established and located north of Fajr city, was considered a control station and opposite to the Qal'at Sukkar city and south of Al-Rifai city we can be observed through the results which show a gradual rise in the second and third stations and third station was higher than stations 1 and 2.

scholarly journals Flow of a Herschel-Bulkley Fluid in a Channel with Elastic Walls

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.10) ◽  
pp. 491
Author(s):  
S. Sreenadh ◽  
B. Sumalatha ◽  
A. N.S.Srinivas
Keyword(s):  
Power Law ◽  
Plug Flow ◽  
Elastic Parameters ◽  
External Pressures ◽  
Power Law Fluids ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Power Law Index ◽  
Elastic Walls

In order to model the blood flow through an artery in presence of catheter, we considered a steady, laminar, incompressible, Poiseuille flow of a Herschel-Bulkley fluid between two horizontal parallel elastic walls. The power law index ( ) and yield stress ( ) are the two parameters of the Herschel - Bulkley fluid. By giving different values for the above mentioned parameters, we get the Newtonian, Bingham and Power-law fluids as special cases. The exact solutions for the flow quantities such as velocity, plug flow velocity and flux are derived. The flux is determined as a function of inlet, outlet, external pressures and the elastic property of the channel. The effect of elastic parameters on flux variation is analyzed. Further when and our results qualitatively agree with those of Rubinow and Keller [2]. In addition, velocity of the Herschel- Bulkley fluid flow is expressed in terms of elastic parameters.  

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