scholarly journals Text-based Steganography using Huffman Compression and AES Encryption Algorithm

2021 ◽  
pp. 4110-4120
Author(s):  
Rawaa Hamza Ali ◽  
Jamal Mohamed Kadhim
Keyword(s):  
Original Data ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Secret Message ◽  
Security Level ◽  
Hiding Capacity ◽  
Degree Of Protection ◽  
Confidential Data ◽  
Text Length ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Aes Encryption Algorithm

In every system of security, to keep important data confidential, we need a high degree of protection. Steganography can be defined as a way of sending confidential texts through a secure medium of communications as well as protecting the information during the process of transmission. Steganography is a technology that is used to protect users' security and privacy. Communication is majorly achieved using a network through SMS, e-mail, and so on. The presented work suggested a technology of text hiding for protecting secret texts with Unicode characters. The similarities of glyphs  provided invisibility and increased the hiding capacity. In conclusion, the proposed method succeeded in securing confidential data and achieving high payload capacity by using the Huffman compression algorithm, which was implemented on an unlimited text length. In addition, this approach has the ability to hide a single bit in every digit or letter in the cover file. Also, the approach meets the cognitive transparency and does not make the modifications apparent on the original data. The method suggested in this work increases the security level through coding a secret message before embedding it within the cover text, with the use of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm.

Multimedia Information Security and Privacy

2011 ◽  
pp. 214-251
Author(s):  
Ming Yang ◽  
Monica Trifas ◽  
Guillermo Francia ◽  
Lei Chen ◽  
Yongliang Hu
Keyword(s):  
Information Security ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Information Hiding ◽  
Data Encryption ◽  
Video Data ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Secret Message ◽  
Security Level ◽  
Video Encryption ◽  
High Level

Information security has traditionally been ensured with data encryption techniques. Different generic data encryption standards, such as DES, RSA, AES, have been developed. These encryption standards provide high level of security to the encrypted data. However, they are not very efficient in the encryption of multimedia contents due to the large volume of digital image/video data. In order to address this issue, different image/video encryption methodologies have been developed. These methodologies encrypt only the key parameters of image/video data instead of encrypting it as a bitstream. Joint compression-encryption is a very promising direction for image/video encryption. Nowadays, researchers start to utilize information hiding techniques to enhance the security level of data encryption methodologies. Information hiding conceals not only the content of the secret message, but also its very existence. In terms of the amount of data to be embedded, information hiding methodologies can be classified into low bitrate and high bitrate algorithms. In terms of the domain for embedding, they can be classified into spatial domain and transform domain algorithms. In this chapter, the authors have reviewed various data encryption standards, image/video encryption algorithms, and joint compression-encryption methodologies. Besides, the authors have also presented different categories of information hiding methodologies as well as data embedding strategies for digital image/video contents.

Cryptographic and Steganographic Approaches to Ensure Multimedia Information Security and Privacy

Cyber Crime ◽  
2013 ◽  
pp. 979-997
Author(s):  
Ming Yang ◽  
Monica Trifas ◽  
Guillermo Francia ◽  
Lei Chen
Keyword(s):  
Information Security ◽  
Information Hiding ◽  
Data Encryption ◽  
Video Data ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Secret Message ◽  
Security Level ◽  
Video Encryption ◽  
Multimedia Contents ◽  
Generic Data

Information security and privacy have traditionally been ensured with data encryption techniques. Generic data encryption standards, such as DES, RSA, AES, are not very efficient in the encryption of multimedia contents due to the large volume. In order to address this issue, different image/video encryption methodologies have been developed. These methodologies encrypt only the key parameters of image/video data instead of encrypting it as a bitstream. Joint compression-encryption is a very promising direction for image/video encryption. Nowadays, researchers start to utilize information hiding techniques to enhance the security level of data encryption methodologies. Information hiding conceals not only the content of the secret message, but also its very existence. In terms of the amount of data to be embedded, information hiding methodologies can be classified into low bitrate and high bitrate algorithms. In terms of the domain for embedding, they can be classified into spatial domain and transform domain algorithms. Different categories of information hiding methodologies, as well as data embedding and watermarking strategies for digital video contents, will be reviewed. A joint cryptograph-steganography methodology, which combines both encryption and information hiding techniques to ensure patient information security and privacy in medical images, is also presented.

Cryptographic and Steganographic Approaches to Ensure Multimedia Information Security and Privacy

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Yang ◽  
Monica Trifas ◽  
Guillermo Francia III ◽  
Lei Chen
Keyword(s):  
Information Security ◽  
Information Hiding ◽  
Data Encryption ◽  
Video Data ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Secret Message ◽  
Security Level ◽  
Transform Domain ◽  
Video Encryption ◽  
Generic Data

Information security and privacy have traditionally been ensured with data encryption techniques. Generic data encryption standards, such as DES, RSA, AES, are not very efficient in the encryption of multimedia contents due to the large volume. In order to address this issue, different image/video encryption methodologies have been developed. These methodologies encrypt only the key parameters of image/video data instead of encrypting it as a bitstream. Joint compression-encryption is a very promising direction for image/video encryption. Nowadays, researchers start to utilize information hiding techniques to enhance the security level of data encryption methodologies. Information hiding conceals not only the content of the secret message, but also its very existence. In terms of the amount of data to be embedded, information hiding methodologies can be classified into low bitrate and high bitrate algorithms. In terms of the domain for embedding, they can be classified into spatial domain and transform domain algorithms. Different categories of information hiding methodologies, as well as data embedding and watermarking strategies for digital video contents, will be reviewed. A joint cryptograph-steganography methodology, which combines both encryption and information hiding techniques to ensure patient information security and privacy in medical images, is also presented.

scholarly journals A Multi-Tiered Framework for Insider Threat Prevention

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1005
Author(s):  
Rakan A. Alsowail ◽  
Taher Al-Shehari
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Insider Threat ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
Insider Threats ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Private Organizations ◽  
Confidential Data ◽  
Real Value

As technologies are rapidly evolving and becoming a crucial part of our lives, security and privacy issues have been increasing significantly. Public and private organizations have highly confidential data, such as bank accounts, military and business secrets, etc. Currently, the competition between organizations is significantly higher than before, which triggers sensitive organizations to spend an excessive volume of their budget to keep their assets secured from potential threats. Insider threats are more dangerous than external ones, as insiders have a legitimate access to their organization’s assets. Thus, previous approaches focused on some individual factors to address insider threat problems (e.g., technical profiling), but a broader integrative perspective is needed. In this paper, we propose a unified framework that incorporates various factors of the insider threat context (technical, psychological, behavioral and cognitive). The framework is based on a multi-tiered approach that encompasses pre, in and post-countermeasures to address insider threats in an all-encompassing perspective. It considers multiple factors that surround the lifespan of insiders’ employment, from the pre-joining of insiders to an organization until after they leave. The framework is utilized on real-world insider threat cases. It is also compared with previous work to highlight how our framework extends and complements the existing frameworks. The real value of our framework is that it brings together the various aspects of insider threat problems based on real-world cases and relevant literature. This can therefore act as a platform for general understanding of insider threat problems, and pave the way to model a holistic insider threat prevention system.

scholarly journals Pangamanan Pesan Menggunakan Kriptografi Caesar Cipher dan Steganografi EOF pada Citra

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
Hermansa H ◽  
Rusydi Umar ◽  
Anton Yudhana
Keyword(s):  
Data Communication ◽  
Secret Message ◽  
Security Level ◽  
Encrypted Image

Security in the protection of sending messages is a matter that must be considered, because the more the development of the age, the more sophisticated the technology. So that security in sending messages and data communication should be of more concern. Therefore we need a method or algorithm that can protect the message to be sent to the recipient of the message. The algorithm that can be used in encrypting is Caesar Cipher, as a cryptographic coding technique for messages so that messages that look difficult to read and solve. As for the method of inserting messages on encrypted image media using the End of File (EOF) steganography method, which is the method used directly at the end of the file. In the work of securing techniques of messages on this system, using various sizes of images or images that will be inserted a coded secret message or encryption whose capacity is not much different from the photos or images to be used. The conclusion of this study is that the application of the Caesar Cipher Algorithm can be used as a message security technique even though the algorithm is so simple but the level of security is assisted by the End of File (EOF) method to insert the encryption results from the Caesar Cipher algorithm so that the security level it has is sufficient to protect message information to be safe from eavesdroppers or hackers of the message that is not responsible or as a protection of data held.

scholarly journals Comparison of a Chaotic Cryptosystem with Other Cryptography Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 6187-6190
Author(s):  
A. S. Alshammari
Keyword(s):  
Stream Cipher ◽  
Security Level ◽  
Brute Force ◽  
Randomness Test ◽  
Symmetric Key ◽  
The One ◽  
Symmetric Key Cryptography ◽  
High Degree

The keyspace of a cryptography system must be long enough in order to protect it from brute force attacks. The One-Time Pad (OTP) encryption is unconditionally secure because of its truly random keystream that is used only once. This paper proposes a new chaotic symmetric cryptosystem approach, comparable to OTP. The proposed system utilizes two Lorenz generators, a main and an auxiliary, where the aim of the second one is to make one of the main Lorenz generator’s parameters to vary continually with time in a chaotic manner. This technique was built on digitizing two Lorenz chaotic models to increase the security level. The scrambling scheme was developed and the Lorenz stream cipher binary stream successfully passed the NIST randomness test. The cryptosystem showed a high degree of security, as it had a keyspace of 2576, and it was compared with existing symmetric key cryptography systems, such as DES, 3DES, AES, Blowfish, and OTP.

scholarly journals Audio steganography based on least significant bits algorithm with 4D grid multi-wing hyper-chaotic system

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 320
Author(s):  
Hussein Abdulameer Abdulkadhim ◽  
Jinan Nsaif Shehab
Keyword(s):  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Chaotic System ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Secret Message ◽  
Security Level ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Protection Level ◽  
Voice Message ◽  
Least Significant Bits

Although variety in hiding methods used to protect data and information transmitted via channels but still need more robustness and difficulty to improve protection level of the secret messages from hacking or attacking. Moreover, hiding several medias in one media to reduce the transmission time and band of channel is the important task and define as a gain channel. This calls to find other ways to be more complexity in detecting the secret message. Therefore, this paper proposes cryptography/steganography method to hide an audio/voice message (secret message) in two different cover medias: audio and video. This method is use least significant bits (LSB) algorithm combined with 4D grid multi-wing hyper-chaotic (GMWH) system. Shuffling of an audio using key generated by GMWH system and then hiding message using LSB algorithm will provide more difficulty of extracting the original audio by hackers or attackers. According to analyses of obtained results in the receiver using peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR)/mean square error (MSE) and sensitivity of encryption key, the proposed method has more security level and robustness. Finally, this work will provide extra security to the mixture base of crypto-steganographic methods.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against delta variant (B.1.617.2): A meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashidul Alam Mahumud ◽  
Mohammad Afshar Ali ◽  
Satyajit Kundu ◽  
Md Ashfikur Rahman ◽  
Joseph Kihika Kamara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Degree Of Protection ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
High Degree

Abstract ObjectivesThe highly transmissible COVID-19 delta variant (DV) has contributed to the surge in cases and has now been exacerbated the worldwide public health crisis. Several COVID-19 vaccines play a significant role in a high degree of protection against DV. The primary purpose of this meta-analysis is to estimate the pooled effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccines against DV in terms of risk ratio (RR) among fully vaccinated, compared to unvaccinated populations.MethodsWe carried out a systematic review with meta-analysis of original studies focused on COVID-19 vaccines effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against B.1.617.2 clinical perspective among fully COVID-19 vaccinated populations, compared to placebo (unvaccinated populations), published before September 30, 2021. Eleven studies containing data of 17.2 million participants were identified and included in our study. Pooled estimates of COVID-19 vaccines effectiveness (i.e., risk ratio, RR) against delta variant with 95% confidence intervals were assessed using random-effect models. Publication bias was assessed using Egger's regression test and funnel plot to investigate potential sources of heterogeneity and identify any differences in study design.ResultsA total population of 17.2 million (17,200,341 peoples) were screened for the COVID-19 vaccines' effectiveness against delta variant. We found 61.13% of study population were fully vaccinated with 2-dose of COVID-19 vaccines. Weighted pooled incidence of COVID-19 infection was more than double (20.07%) among unvaccinated populations, compared to the fully vaccinated population (8.16%). Overall, the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine against DV was 85% (RR = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.07-0.31). The effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines varied slidably by study designs, 87% (RR = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.06-0.30) and 84% (RR = 0.16, 95% CI:0.02, 1.64) for cohort and case-control studies, respectively. ConclusionEffectiveness COVID-19 vaccines were noted to offer higher protection against delta variant among populations who received two vaccine doses compared with unvaccinated populations. This finding would help efforts to maximise vaccine coverage (i.e., at least 60 to 70% of the population) with two doses among vulnerable populations to have herd immunity to breat the chain of transmission and gain greater overall population protection more rapidly.

scholarly journals Video steganography based on DCT psychovisual and object motion

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1015-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fuad ◽  
Ferda Ernawan
Keyword(s):  
Video Quality ◽  
Object Motion ◽  
Multimedia Data ◽  
Secret Message ◽  
Hiding Capacity ◽  
Video Steganography ◽  
Limited Bandwidth ◽  
Video Frames ◽  
Dct Coefficients ◽  
Video Reconstruction

Steganography is a technique of concealing the message in multimedia data. Multimedia data, such as videos are often compressed to reduce the storage for limited bandwidth. The video provides additional hidden-space in the object motion of image sequences. This research proposes a video steganography scheme based on object motion and DCT-psychovisual for concealing the message. The proposed hiding technique embeds a secret message along the object motion of the video frames. Motion analysis is used to determine the embedding regions. The proposed scheme selects six DCT coefficients in the middle frequency using DCT-psychovisual effects of hiding messages. A message is embedded by modifying middle DCT coefficients using the proposed algorithm. The middle frequencies have a large hiding capacity and it relatively does not give significant effect to the video reconstruction. The performance of the proposed video steganography is evaluated in terms of video quality and robustness against MPEG compression. The experimental results produce minimum distortion of the video quality. Our scheme produces a robust of hiding messages against MPEG-4 compression with average NC value of 0.94. The proposed video steganography achieves less perceptual distortion to human eyes and it's resistant against reducing video storage.

scholarly journals A Secure Two Factor Authentication Protocol for Cloud-Assisted Wireless Body Area Network Using Blockchain

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-79
Author(s):  
Jacqualine Cristhy Ujil
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Wireless Body Area Network ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Body Area Network ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Body Area ◽  
Secure Protocol ◽  
Confidential Data ◽  
To Come

The recent advancements in technologies have allowed us to come so far and resulted in many breakthroughs. One of the various examples is internet of things, wireless communication, and cloud computing which can be useful if utilize in many fields. In the field of medical, these advancements allowed any medical centres to improve patient’s health remotely simply by using wearable devices on patients that then will amalgamate with the wireless body area network (WBAN). However, WBAN has limited resources which limits its services. To solve this problem, cloud computing is used to provide storage and computation. Unfortunately, these methods allow the system to be vulnerable to various malicious attacks. Attackers can easily gain access to the medical records of patients hence the integrity of security and privacy of confidential data have been compromised. In this paper, we presented a secure protocol for cloud-assisted database using multi-factor authentication and blockchain as an added measure to ensure security. Accordingly, we prove that the presented scheme offers more security and privacy. Therefore, it is the most practical method to be applied in the medical field.

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