A Profile of International Inequality

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Podder
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Real Income ◽  
New Method ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Global Inequality ◽  
International Inequality ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Total Inequality

This paper attempts to portray a profile of international inequality or inequality of real income among nations, assuming that total income of every country is equally distributed among its population. Also, in an attempt to find the contributions of incomes of different groups of countries to total inequality, a new method of disaggregation of the Gini coefficient is applied to global inequality. While only two types of grouping are analyzed, the method is flexible enough to deal with any type of grouping. It is demonstrated that important questions regarding the effects of economic growth in a subgroup of countries on global inequality can be answered using this method. Thus, the elasticities of the Gini coefficient of the disparity among countries with respect to income of specific groups are presented.

scholarly journals Conditional cash transfers in Brazil, Chile and Mexico: Impacts upon inequality

2018 ◽  
pp. 207-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergei Soares ◽  
Rafael Guerreiro Osório ◽  
Fábio Veras Soares ◽  
Marcelo Medeiros ◽  
Eduardo Zepeda
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Cash Transfers ◽  
Conditional Cash Transfers ◽  
Total Income ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Latin American Countries

We decompose changes in the Gini coefficient to investigate whether the Conditional Cash Tranfers (CCT) have had an inequality reducing effect in three Latin American countries: Brasil, Mexico and Chile. We conclude that CCT programs helped reducing inequality between the mid-1990s and the mid-2000s. The share of total income represented by the CCTs is very small, less than 1%. But as their targeting is outstanding, the equalising impact of CCTs was responsible for about 21% of the fall in Brazilian and Mexican inequality figures In Chile the effect was responsible for around 15% of the reduction.

scholarly journals Wealth inequalities in cities of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and their changes during the seventeenth century. Sources and methods of measure

2020 ◽  
pp. 131-144
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
Wealth Concentration ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Wealth Inequalities ◽  
The Town

I would like to determine the evolution of wealth concentration in main cities of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by comparing the data from different benchmark years. Moreover, I will analyze whether the Gini coefficient value indeed refers to the communities who are at a threshold of economic growth, and what is the correlation between the value of the coefficient and the town or city’s economic situation. Also, it is worthwhile to ponder the question: is there any correlation – noted by both Jan Luiten van Zanden and Guido Alfani – whereby the larger the town/city, the more visible the inequalities. Finally, how do the towns/cities of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth compare to those in Western Europe.

scholarly journals Equality in Income and Sustainability in Economic Growth: Agent-Based Simulations on OECD Data.

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 5803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sakaki
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
The Other ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Marginal Propensity To Consume ◽  
Marginal Propensity ◽  
Stable Growth

In countries that have developed under the current market economy, inequalities in income distribution tend to increase with three different trends, i.e., high (United States, United Kingdom, Japan), low (North Europe countries), and medium Gini coefficient levels. On the other hand, the relationship between income distribution and social welfare is generally a difficult problem to solve in economics. So, this paper discusses the impact of income distribution on the macroeconomy, limiting the scope to consistency with long-term economic growth. We attempt to answer these economic policy issues by simulation using an agent-based model based on replicator dynamics. As a result of the simulation in this paper, in general, in countries with the high marginal propensity to consume, long-term growth can be maintained by inducing equality in income distribution. On the other hand, a mature country with a low marginal propensity to consume can sustain not so high but stable growth despite increasing inequality in income distribution. According to simulation results based on OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) data, in the former UK, US, and Japan, the lower the Gini coefficient is, the higher the growth potential is, while in the latter Norway and Luxembourg, relatively stable growth is maintained even if the Gini coefficient increases.

scholarly journals Global Inequality in National Food Supplies and Diet-related Health Outcomes, 1970–2010 (P04-094-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Winnie Bell ◽  
Keith Lividini ◽  
William Masters
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Global Inequality ◽  
Animal Source Foods ◽  
Animal Source ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Food

Abstract Objectives The global food system has changed rapidly over recent decades, with large shifts in agricultural supply conditions, international trade, food manufacturing and nutrient availability. These shifts have contributed to both positive and negative impacts on health and wellbeing with some countries catching up while others have fallen further below international norms. We aim to quantify long-run changes in the food supply and diet-related health disparities across countries, to illustrate how inequality has changed from the 1970 s to the 2010 s. Methods Data were drawn from publicly available sources, using food supply from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and diet-related health outcomes from the NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) and the Joint Monitoring Programming, a collaboration of the World Bank, the World Health Organization, and UNICEF. We used techniques from economics (Lorenz curves, Gini coefficients, and Pen's Parade) to generate novel visualizations and metrics for global inequality and disparities in national food supply and diet-related health outcomes across countries. Results We computed global inequality in food supplies as available dietary energy from all fruits and vegetables, all animal source foods, and all foods other than starchy staples, and inequality in diet-related outcomes such as overweight and obesity, underweight, stunting, raised blood pressure, and diabetes. Results showed greater equality in food supplies and diet-related health outcomes converging at higher prevalence levels, while stunting and underweight became more unequal and more highly concentrated in a few high-burden countries. For example, the Gini coefficient for energy from fruit and vegetables (0.36 to 0.27), energy from animal source foods (0.51 to 0.33), and overweight and obesity (0.39 to 0.27) decreased indicating greater equality, while the Gini coefficient for underweight increased (0.40 to 0.47) demonstrating greater disparity. Conclusions Convergence in availability of harmful dietary components and negative health outcomes occurred faster than convergence in beneficial nutrients and positive outcomes. This research can help to inform the design of policies and programs aimed at achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals and other targets for global food systems. Funding Sources Wellcome Trust.

scholarly journals KONVERGENSI PENERIMAAN DAN PENGELUARAN PEMERINTAH PROVINSI DI INDONESIA:

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Hermada Dekiawan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Total Spending ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Spatial Weights ◽  
Spatial Weights Matrix ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Beta Convergence

The study analyse sigma and beta convergence of provincial government revenues and expenditures in Indonesia (APBD) by using panel data 30 provinces over the period 2000-2012. The variables used in this study consists of real income per capita and the revenues and expenditures variables in the APBD. The study also included a spatial weights matrix to analyse dependency among provinces. Spatial weights matrix used consists of two types of weights, the real income per capita and the geographical distance. Testing for the presence of spatial dependency performed using Moran's I. The model used in this study are spatial autoreregressive model (SAM) and the spatial error model (SEM). The models are estimated using panel least squares, fixed effects, random effects, as well as both GMM first difference (GMM-DIFF) and system GMM (GMM-SYS). Based on sigma convergence approach, the results of the study showed that during the period of 2000-2012 occurred convergence on total revenue, income, tax, fund balance, total spending, employee spending, and goods spending, but not for the real income per capita. Estimation with beta convergence approach conducted on four variables as each sample (in per capita value), namely: total income, tax, total spending, and goods spending. Estimation with beta convergence is done by using additional explanatory variables which include: economic growth, the degree of openness, as well as economic growth. Based on the beta convergence approach, the study results indicate the occurrence of convergence on total income, tax, total spending, and goods spending. Estimates also lead to the conclusion that there are spatial dependencies between provinces either use distance and income per capita weight.

Why inequality matters

2019 ◽  
pp. 39-56
Author(s):  
Bent Greve ◽  
Bent Greve
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Inequality In Health ◽  
Trickle Down

This chapter focuses on why inequality matters for welfare states, why we should have an interest in this topic, and how this is related to issues of populism and welfare chauvinism. This is done by trying to systematize the knowledge we have on why inequality matters for, and in relation to, economic growth, for health and for social cohesion. It also discusses why trickle-down economics do not work. The development in inequality is analysed by showing the development using traditional aspects such as the Gini coefficient, but also reflecting on, and showing, data on inequality in health and how this can be seen as connected to change in economic inequality.

scholarly journals KONVERGENSI PENERIMAAN DAN PENGELUARAN PEMERINTAH PROVINSI DI INDONESIA: PENDEKATAN DATA PANEL DINAMIS SPASIAL

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermada Dekiawan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Total Spending ◽  
Income Per Capita ◽  
Spatial Weights ◽  
Spatial Weights Matrix ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Beta Convergence

The study analyse sigma and beta convergence of provincial government revenues and expenditures in Indonesia (APBD) by using panel data 30 provinces over the period 2000-2012. The variables used in this study consists of real income per capita and the revenues and expenditures variables in the APBD. The study also included a spatial weights matrix to analyse dependency among provinces. Spatial weights matrix used consists of two types of weights, the real income per capita and the geographical distance. Testing for the presence of spatial dependency performed using Moran’s I. The model used in this study are spatial autoregressive model (SAM) and the spatial error model (SEM). The models are estimated using panel least squares, fixed effects, random effects, as well as both GMM first difference (GMM-DIFF) and system GMM (GMM-SYS). Based on sigma convergence approach, the results of the study showed that during the period of 2000-2012 occurred convergence on total revenue, income, tax, fund balance, total spending, employee spending, and goods spending, but not for the real income per capita. Estimation with beta convergence approach conducted on four variables as each sample (in per capita value), namely: total income, tax, total spending, and goods spending. Estimation with beta convergence is done by using additional explanatory variables which include: economic growth, the degree of openness, as well as economic growth. Based on the beta convergence approach, the study results indicate the occurrence of convergence on total income, tax, total spending, and goods spending. Estimates also lead to the conclusion that there are spatial dependencies between provinces either use distance and income per capita weight. Keywords: Sigma and Beta convergence, spatial weights, panel data, revenue and expenditure, the provincial budget (APBD)JEL Classification: H7,R1

Generating Prosperity for Working Families in Affluent Countries

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Financial Strain ◽  
Inclusive Growth ◽  
Working Families ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Rich Countries ◽  
Analysis Of Performance

This book addresses the central challenge facing rich countries: how to ensure that ordinary working families see their living standards and the prospects for their children improve rather than stagnate over time. It presents the findings from a comprehensive analysis of performance over recent decades across the rich countries of the OECD, in terms of real income growth around and below the middle. It relates this performance to overall economic growth, exploring why these often diverge substantially, and to the different models of capitalism or economic growth embedded in different countries. In-depth comparative and UK-focused analyses also focus on wages and the labour market and on the role of redistribution. Going beyond income, other indicators and aspects of living standards are also incorporated including non-monetary indicators of deprivation and financial strain, wealth and its distribution, and intergenerational mobility. By looking across this broad canvas, the book teases out how ordinary households have fared in recent decades in these critically important respects, and how that should inform the quest for inclusive growth and prosperity.

scholarly journals Why We Should Use the Gini Coefficient to Assess Punctuated Equilibrium Theory

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Constantin Kaplaner ◽  
Yves Steinebach
Keyword(s):  
Policy Change ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Punctuated Equilibrium ◽  
Equilibrium Theory ◽  
Punctuated Equilibrium Theory ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Precise Measure

Abstract Punctuated Equilibrium Theory posits that policy-making is generally characterized by long periods of stability that are interrupted by short periods of fundamental policy change. The literature converged on the measure of kurtosis and L-kurtosis to assess these change patterns. In this letter, we critically discuss these measures and propose the Gini coefficient as a (1) comparable, but (2) more intuitive, and (3) more precise measure of “punctuated” change patterns.

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