The Behavior Chain Interruption Strategy: A Review of Research and Discussion of Future Directions

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Carter ◽  
Julie Grunsell
Keyword(s):  
Communication Skills ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Severe Disabilities ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Behavior Chain ◽  
Teaching Procedure ◽  
Communication Device ◽  
Naturalistic Teaching ◽  
Wide Range

This review examines research studies that utilize the behavior chain interruption strategy (BCIS) to teach communication skills to individuals with severe disabilities. The BCIS is a naturalistic teaching procedure that uses an interruption to a behavior chain (i.e., a routine) as the point of instruction. The BCIS has been successfully applied to the teaching of communication skills to individuals across a wide range of ages and of levels of disability, including learners with multiple disabilities. It has been employed to teach a range of communication forms, including pictorial communication systems, natural gestures, signing, and a switch activated communication device. However, a number of questions remain regarding the BCIS. In particular, it is questioned whether the type of interruptions employed in the procedure are likely to occur outside a training context and whether communication taught with the procedure generalizes to out-of-routine contexts. Implications for practice are considered and suggestions are offered for future research.

Professional Skills Teaching Within Veterinary Education and Possible Future Directions

2021 ◽  
pp. e20210038
Author(s):  
Meghan K. Byrnes
Keyword(s):  
Communication Skills ◽  
Effective Instruction ◽  
Professional Conduct ◽  
General Curriculum ◽  
Professional Skills ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Hard Science ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Technical Competencies ◽  
Veterinary Curriculum

Once ignored for their potential to take up precious time within the veterinary curriculum at the expense of hard science and technical competencies, professional skills such as ethical conduct, professional conduct, and communication skills are now considered essential in the creation of successful and employable graduates. Despite the requirement to include professional skills in veterinary curricula, limited communication among colleges and inconsistent documentation of curricular developments have led to a wide range of teaching and assessment methods with no consistent standards existing among colleges. Integration of professional competency teaching into the general curriculum is lauded widely, but barriers such as faculty buy-in have kept many colleges from moving toward a standard in which professional competencies are integrated into the general curriculum. The aim of this article is to provide veterinary educators and curriculum designers with an understanding of the rationale for including professional skills teaching within the curriculum while also presenting currently used, as well as recommended, strategies for effective instruction of professional skills.

A Review of Hyperacusis and Future Directions: Part I. Definitions and Manifestations

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 402-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard S. Tyler ◽  
Martin Pienkowski ◽  
Eveling Rojas Roncancio ◽  
Hyung Jin Jun ◽  
Tom Brozoski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Opportune Time ◽  
Social Habits

Purpose Hyperacusis can be extremely debilitating, and at present, there is no cure. We provide an overview of the field, and possible related areas, in the hope of facilitating future research. Method We review and reference literature on hyperacusis and related areas. We have divided the review into 2 articles. In Part I, we discuss definitions, epidemiology, different etiologies and subgroups, and how hyperacusis affects people. In Part II, we review measurements, models, mechanisms, and treatments, and we finish with some suggestions for further research. Results Hyperacusis encompasses a wide range of reactions to sound, which can be grouped into the categories of excessive loudness, annoyance, fear, and pain. Many different causes have been proposed, and it will be important to appreciate and quantify different subgroups. Reasonable approaches to assessing the different forms of hyperacusis are emerging, including psychoacoustical measures, questionnaires, and brain imaging. Conclusions Hyperacusis can make life difficult for many, forcing sufferers to dramatically alter their work and social habits. We believe this is an opportune time to explore approaches to better understand and treat hyperacusis.

A Review of Hyperacusis and Future Directions: Part II. Measurement, Mechanisms, and Treatment

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 420-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Pienkowski ◽  
Richard S. Tyler ◽  
Eveling Rojas Roncancio ◽  
Hyung Jin Jun ◽  
Tom Brozoski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Present Knowledge ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Sound Therapy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Opportune Time ◽  
Social Habits ◽  
The Many

Purpose Hyperacusis can be extremely debilitating, and at present, there is no cure. In this detailed review of the field, we consolidate present knowledge in the hope of facilitating future research. Method We review and reference the literature on hyperacusis and related areas. This is the 2nd of a 2-part review. Results Hyperacusis encompasses a wide range of reactions to sounds, which can be grouped into the categories of excessive loudness, annoyance, fear, and pain. Reasonable approaches to assessing the different forms of hyperacusis are emerging, including brain-imaging studies. Researchers are only beginning to understand the many mechanisms at play, and valid animal models are still evolving. There are many counseling and sound-therapy approaches that some patients find helpful, but well-controlled studies are needed to measure their long-term efficacy and to test new approaches. Conclusions Hyperacusis can make life difficult in this increasingly noisy world, forcing sufferers to dramatically alter their work and social habits. We believe this is an opportune time to explore approaches to better understand and treat hyperacusis.

scholarly journals Recreational 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine or ‘ecstasy’: Current perspective and future research prospects

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 959-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew C Parrott ◽  
Luke A Downey ◽  
Carl A Roberts ◽  
Cathy Montgomery ◽  
Raimondo Bruno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Developmental Outcomes ◽  
Cognitive Skill ◽  
Explanatory Model ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Topics ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Current Perspective ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Practical Implications

Aims: The purpose of this article is to debate current understandings about the psychobiological effects of recreational 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ‘ecstasy’), and recommend theoretically-driven topics for future research. Methods: Recent empirical findings, especially those from novel topic areas were reviewed. Potential causes for the high variance often found in group findings were also examined. Results and conclusions: The first empirical reports into psychobiological and psychiatric aspects from the early 1990s concluded that regular users demonstrated some selective psychobiological deficits, for instance worse declarative memory, or heightened depression. More recent research has covered a far wider range of psychobiological functions, and deficits have emerged in aspects of vision, higher cognitive skill, neurohormonal functioning, and foetal developmental outcomes. However, variance levels are often high, indicating that while some recreational users develop problems, others are less affected. Potential reasons for this high variance are debated. An explanatory model based on multi-factorial causation is then proposed. Future directions: A number of theoretically driven research topics are suggested, in order to empirically investigate the potential causes for these diverse psychobiological deficits. Future neuroimaging studies should study the practical implications of any serotonergic and/or neurohormonal changes, using a wide range of functional measures.

scholarly journals Morphophysiological and Proteomic Responses on Plants of Irradiation with Electromagnetic Waves

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (22) ◽  
pp. 12239
Author(s):  
Zhuoheng Zhong ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Xiaojian Yin ◽  
Jingkui Tian ◽  
Setsuko Komatsu
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Electromagnetic Energy ◽  
Fertilizer Efficiency ◽  
Future Research ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Radio Waves ◽  
Wide Range

Electromagnetic energy is the backbone of wireless communication systems, and its progressive use has resulted in impacts on a wide range of biological systems. The consequences of electromagnetic energy absorption on plants are insufficiently addressed. In the agricultural area, electromagnetic-wave irradiation has been used to develop crop varieties, manage insect pests, monitor fertilizer efficiency, and preserve agricultural produce. According to different frequencies and wavelengths, electromagnetic waves are typically divided into eight spectral bands, including audio waves, radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. In this review, among these electromagnetic waves, effects of millimeter waves, ultraviolet, and gamma rays on plants are outlined, and their response mechanisms in plants through proteomic approaches are summarized. Furthermore, remarkable advancements of irradiating plants with electromagnetic waves, especially ultraviolet, are addressed, which shed light on future research in the electromagnetic field.

scholarly journals Vocal and Electric Fish: Revisiting a Comparison of Two Teleost Models in the Neuroethology of Social Behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kent D. Dunlap ◽  
Haley M. Koukos ◽  
Boris P. Chagnaud ◽  
Harold H. Zakon ◽  
Andrew H. Bass
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Electric Fish ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Multiple Loci ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pattern Generators

The communication behaviors of vocal fish and electric fish are among the vertebrate social behaviors best understood at the level of neural circuits. Both forms of signaling rely on midbrain inputs to hindbrain pattern generators that activate peripheral effectors (sonic muscles and electrocytes) to produce pulsatile signals that are modulated by frequency/repetition rate, amplitude and call duration. To generate signals that vary by sex, male phenotype, and social context, these circuits are responsive to a wide range of hormones and neuromodulators acting on different timescales at multiple loci. Bass and Zakon (2005) reviewed the behavioral neuroendocrinology of these two teleost groups, comparing how the regulation of their communication systems have both converged and diverged during their parallel evolution. Here, we revisit this comparison and review the complementary developments over the past 16 years. We (a) summarize recent work that expands our knowledge of the neural circuits underlying these two communication systems, (b) review parallel studies on the action of neuromodulators (e.g., serotonin, AVT, melatonin), brain steroidogenesis (via aromatase), and social stimuli on the output of these circuits, (c) highlight recent transcriptomic studies that illustrate how contemporary molecular methods have elucidated the genetic regulation of social behavior in these fish, and (d) describe recent studies of mochokid catfish, which use both vocal and electric communication, and that use both vocal and electric communication and consider how these two systems are spliced together in the same species. Finally, we offer avenues for future research to further probe how similarities and differences between these two communication systems emerge over ontogeny and evolution.

Comparative Effects of High-Tech Visual Scene Displays and Low-Tech Isolated Picture Symbols on Engagement From Students With Multiple Disabilities

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Holyfield ◽  
Sydney Brooks ◽  
Allison Schluterman
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Augmentative And Alternative Communication ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Multiple Disabilities ◽  
Visual Scene ◽  
Future Research ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Difference

Purpose Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) is an intervention approach that can promote communication and language in children with multiple disabilities who are beginning communicators. While a wide range of AAC technologies are available, little is known about the comparative effects of specific technology options. Given that engagement can be low for beginning communicators with multiple disabilities, the current study provides initial information about the comparative effects of 2 AAC technology options—high-tech visual scene displays (VSDs) and low-tech isolated picture symbols—on engagement. Method Three elementary-age beginning communicators with multiple disabilities participated. The study used a single-subject, alternating treatment design with each technology serving as a condition. Participants interacted with their school speech-language pathologists using each of the 2 technologies across 5 sessions in a block randomized order. Results According to visual analysis and nonoverlap of all pairs calculations, all 3 participants demonstrated more engagement with the high-tech VSDs than the low-tech isolated picture symbols as measured by their seconds of gaze toward each technology option. Despite the difference in engagement observed, there was no clear difference across the 2 conditions in engagement toward the communication partner or use of the AAC. Conclusions Clinicians can consider measuring engagement when evaluating AAC technology options for children with multiple disabilities and should consider evaluating high-tech VSDs as 1 technology option for them. Future research must explore the extent to which differences in engagement to particular AAC technologies result in differences in communication and language learning over time as might be expected.

Helping the General Education Team Support Students Who Use AAC

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 82-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole Zangari
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
General Education ◽  
Communication Skills ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
General Education Teachers ◽  
Practice Opportunities ◽  
Support Students ◽  
Successful Students

Abstract To be successful, students who use AAC and attend general education classes require extensive supports and frequent practice with their communication systems. In this article, I explore the challenges faced by educational teams and discuss strategies for helping general education teachers, paraprofessionals, and others provide the AAC learning and practice opportunities these students need to maximize their communication skills and academic achievement.

Understanding Limited Use of Amplification in Infants and Children Who Are Hard of Hearing

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan W. McCreery ◽  
Elizabeth A. Walker ◽  
Meredith Spratford
Keyword(s):  
Hard Of Hearing ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Hearing Aid Use ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
In Infants And Children

The effectiveness of amplification for infants and children can be mediated by how much the child uses the device. Existing research suggests that establishing hearing aid use can be challenging. A wide range of factors can influence hearing aid use in children, including the child's age, degree of hearing loss, and socioeconomic status. Audiological interventions, including using validated prescriptive approaches and verification, performing on-going training and orientation, and communicating with caregivers about hearing aid use can also increase hearing aid use by infants and children. Case examples are used to highlight the factors that influence hearing aid use. Potential management strategies and future research needs are also discussed.

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