Transport Aircraft Certification Testing for Pilot Closed Loop Dynamic Instability

Author(s):  
Brian P. Lee ◽  
Kirk A. Vining
Author(s):  
M Hockenhull

The application of electrical flight control systems to civil transport aircraft has directed attention to the need for improved airworthiness regulation. In this paper, the scope and interpretation of a new FAR/JAR Part 25 regulation in preparation is discussed, applicable to aircraft that have closed-loop control systems for flight control, load alleviation or stability augmentation, and have the potential to interact with the aircraft's structural dynamics.


1999 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osita D. I. Nwokah ◽  
E. Borzova ◽  
Gemunu S. Happawana ◽  
Dare´ Afolabi

System optimization over a parameter space produces optimal solutions which lie on the bifurcation set of the ambient space. As such, the optimality (quality) metric (as a function of the parameters) is highly sensitive to the parameters, to the point of inducing instability for differential parameter variations. Singularities in this function diffeomorphically induce corresponding degenerate singularities in the optimal closed-loop characteristic polynomials, which serves as a signature for potential catastrophic loss of quality that is most easily exhibited by the resulting dynamic instability. In this paper, we examine the loss of quality in H∞ and related optimal systems via these diffeomorphic degenerate closed-loop poles.


1990 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 661-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Chiou ◽  
M. Shahinpoor

This study investigates the effect of link flexibility on the dynamic stability of a two-link force-controlled robot manipulator. The nonlinear open-loop equations for the compliant motion are derived first. By employing the hybrid force/position control law, the closed-loop dynamic equations are then explicitly derived. The nonlinear closed-loop equations are linearized about some equilibrium configurations. Stability analyses are carried out by computing the eigenvalues of the linearized system equations. Results are verified by the numerical simulations using the complete nonlinear dynamic equations. The effect of the wrist force sensor stiffness on the dynamic stability is also investigated. Results show that the link flexibility is indeed an important source of dynamic instability in the motion of force-controlled manipulators. Moreover, the system stability is dominated by the effect of the distributed flexibility of the first link.


2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 172988141875704
Author(s):  
Jie Chen ◽  
Cunbao Ma ◽  
Dong Song

This article investigates the cargo’s blocking failure analysis, simulation, and safety control of transport aircraft with continuous heavy airdrop. As the cargos move backward and drop out, the continuous variation of center of gravity for the whole system will deteriorate flight quality dramatically. Furthermore, due to various mechanical reasons, if the cargo is blocked on the delivery channel and the airdrop process is suspended suddenly at this time, the flight safety may be threatened. In view of this, the blocking failure is analyzed based on the aircraft model in this article and then the simulation is completed to show the failure’s impact on aircraft’s flight quality. Next, based on the uncertainty analysis and introduction of interval robust control theory, the safety controller is designed to stable the closed-loop system. The final simulation shows the proposed safety control strategy’s effectiveness.


Author(s):  
R.A Walker ◽  
S. Inoue ◽  
E.D. Salmon

Microtubules polymerized in vitro from tubulin purified free of microtubule-associated proteins exhibit dynamic instability (1,2,3). Free microtubule ends exist in persistent phases of elongation or rapid shortening with infrequent, but, abrupt transitions between these phases. The abrupt transition from elongation to rapid shortening is termed catastrophe and the abrupt transition from rapid shortening to elongation is termed rescue. A microtubule is an asymmetrical structure. The plus end grows faster than the minus end. The frequency of catastrophe of the plus end is somewhat greater than the minus end, while the frequency of rescue of the plus end in much lower than for the minus end (4).The mechanism of catastrophe is controversial, but for both the plus and minus microtubule ends, catastrophe is thought to be dependent on GTP hydrolysis. Microtubule elongation occurs by the association of tubulin-GTP subunits to the growing end. Sometime after incorporation into an elongating microtubule end, the GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP, yielding a core of tubulin-GDP capped by tubulin-GTP (“GTP-cap”).


Author(s):  
Eva-Maria Mandelkow ◽  
Ron Milligan

Microtubules form part of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. They are hollow libers of about 25 nm diameter made up of 13 protofilaments, each of which consists of a chain of heterodimers of α-and β-tubulin. Microtubules can be assembled in vitro at 37°C in the presence of GTP which is hydrolyzed during the reaction, and they are disassembled at 4°C. In contrast to most other polymers microtubules show the behavior of “dynamic instability”, i.e. they can switch between phases of growth and phases of shrinkage, even at an overall steady state [1]. In certain conditions an entire solution can be synchronized, leading to autonomous oscillations in the degree of assembly which can be observed by X-ray scattering (Fig. 1), light scattering, or electron microscopy [2-5]. In addition such solutions are capable of generating spontaneous spatial patterns [6].In an earlier study we have analyzed the structure of microtubules and their cold-induced disassembly by cryo-EM [7]. One result was that disassembly takes place by loss of protofilament fragments (tubulin oligomers) which fray apart at the microtubule ends. We also looked at microtubule oscillations by time-resolved X-ray scattering and proposed a reaction scheme [4] which involves a cyclic interconversion of tubulin, microtubules, and oligomers (Fig. 2). The present study was undertaken to answer two questions: (a) What is the nature of the oscillations as seen by time-resolved cryo-EM? (b) Do microtubules disassemble by fraying protofilament fragments during oscillations at 37°C?


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